novatel_gps.cpp

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// *****************************************************************************
//
// Copyright (c) 2017, Southwest Research Institute® (SwRI®)
// All rights reserved.
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// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
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#include <sstream>
#include <net/ethernet.h>
#include <netinet/udp.h>
#include <netinet/tcp.h>
#include <netinet/ip.h>
#include <novatel_gps_driver/novatel_gps.h>

#include <boost/algorithm/string/join.hpp>
#include <boost/make_shared.hpp>

#include <ros/ros.h>
#include <tf/tf.h>

namespace novatel_gps_driver
{
  NovatelGps::NovatelGps() :
      gpsfix_sync_tol_(0.01),
      wait_for_sync_(true),
      connection_(SERIAL),
      is_connected_(false),
      imu_rate_forced_(false),
      utc_offset_(0),
      serial_baud_(115200),
      tcp_socket_(io_service_),
      pcap_(nullptr),
      clocksteering_msgs_(MAX_BUFFER_SIZE),
      corrimudata_msgs_(MAX_BUFFER_SIZE),
      gpgga_msgs_(MAX_BUFFER_SIZE),
      gpgsa_msgs_(MAX_BUFFER_SIZE),
      gpgsv_msgs_(MAX_BUFFER_SIZE),
      gphdt_msgs_(MAX_BUFFER_SIZE),
      gprmc_msgs_(MAX_BUFFER_SIZE),
      imu_msgs_(MAX_BUFFER_SIZE),
      inscov_msgs_(MAX_BUFFER_SIZE),
      inspva_msgs_(MAX_BUFFER_SIZE),
      inspvax_msgs_(MAX_BUFFER_SIZE),
      insstdev_msgs_(MAX_BUFFER_SIZE),
      novatel_positions_(MAX_BUFFER_SIZE),
      novatel_xyz_positions_(MAX_BUFFER_SIZE),
      novatel_utm_positions_(MAX_BUFFER_SIZE),
      novatel_velocities_(MAX_BUFFER_SIZE),
      bestpos_sync_buffer_(SYNC_BUFFER_SIZE),
      bestvel_sync_buffer_(SYNC_BUFFER_SIZE),
      heading2_msgs_(MAX_BUFFER_SIZE),
      dual_antenna_heading_msgs_(MAX_BUFFER_SIZE),
      psrdop2_msgs_(MAX_BUFFER_SIZE),
      range_msgs_(MAX_BUFFER_SIZE),
      time_msgs_(MAX_BUFFER_SIZE),
      trackstat_msgs_(MAX_BUFFER_SIZE),
      imu_rate_(-1.0),
      apply_vehicle_body_rotation_(false)
  {
  }

  NovatelGps::~NovatelGps()
  {
    Disconnect();
  }

  bool NovatelGps::Connect(
      const std::string& device,
      ConnectionType connection)
  {
    NovatelMessageOpts opts;
    opts["gpgga"] = 0.05;
    opts["gprmc"] = 0.05;
    opts["bestposa"] = 0.05;
    opts["timea"] = 1.0;
    opts["rangea"] = 1;
    return Connect(device, connection, opts);
  }

  bool NovatelGps::Connect(
      const std::string& device,
      ConnectionType connection,
      NovatelMessageOpts const& opts)
  {
    Disconnect();

    connection_ = connection;

    if (connection_ == SERIAL)
    {
      return CreateSerialConnection(device, opts);
    }
    else if (connection_ == TCP || connection_ == UDP)
    {
      return CreateIpConnection(device, opts);
    }
    else if (connection_ == PCAP)
    {
      return CreatePcapConnection(device, opts);
    }

    error_msg_ = "Invalid connection type.";

    return false;

  }

  NovatelGps::ConnectionType NovatelGps::ParseConnection(const std::string& connection)
  {
    if (connection == "serial")
    {
      return SERIAL;
    }
    else if (connection == "udp")
    {
      return UDP;
    }
    else if (connection == "tcp")
    {
      return TCP;
    }
    else if (connection == "pcap")
    {
      return PCAP;
    }

    return INVALID;
  }

  void NovatelGps::Disconnect()
  {
    if (connection_ == SERIAL)
    {
      serial_.Close();
    }
    else if (connection_ == TCP)
    {
      tcp_socket_.close();
    }
    else if (connection_ == UDP)
    {
      if (udp_socket_)
      {
        udp_socket_->close();
        udp_socket_.reset();
      }
      if (udp_endpoint_)
      {
        udp_endpoint_.reset();
      }
    }
    else if (connection_ == PCAP)
    {
      if (pcap_ != nullptr)
      {
        pcap_close(pcap_);
        pcap_ = nullptr;
      }
    }
    is_connected_ = false;
  }

  void NovatelGps::ApplyVehicleBodyRotation(const bool& apply_rotation)
  {
    apply_vehicle_body_rotation_ = apply_rotation;
  }

  NovatelGps::ReadResult NovatelGps::ProcessData()
  {
    NovatelGps::ReadResult read_result = ReadData();

    if (read_result != READ_SUCCESS)
    {
      return read_result;
    }

    ros::Time stamp = ros::Time::now();
    std::vector<NmeaSentence> nmea_sentences;
    std::vector<NovatelSentence> novatel_sentences;
    std::vector<BinaryMessage> binary_messages;

    if (!data_buffer_.empty())
    {
      nmea_buffer_.insert(nmea_buffer_.end(),
                          data_buffer_.begin(),
                          data_buffer_.end());

      data_buffer_.clear();

      std::string remaining_buffer;

      if (!extractor_.ExtractCompleteMessages(
          nmea_buffer_,
          nmea_sentences,
          novatel_sentences,
          binary_messages,
          remaining_buffer))
      {
        read_result = READ_PARSE_FAILED;
        error_msg_ = "Parse failure extracting sentences.";
      }

      nmea_buffer_ = remaining_buffer;

      ROS_DEBUG("Parsed: %lu NMEA / %lu NovAtel / %lu Binary messages",
               nmea_sentences.size(), novatel_sentences.size(), binary_messages.size());
      if (!nmea_buffer_.empty())
      {
        ROS_DEBUG("%lu unparsed bytes left over.", nmea_buffer_.size());
      }
    }

    double most_recent_utc_time = extractor_.GetMostRecentUtcTime(nmea_sentences);

    for(const auto& sentence : nmea_sentences)
    {
      try
      {
        NovatelGps::ReadResult result = ParseNmeaSentence(sentence, stamp, most_recent_utc_time);
        if (result != READ_SUCCESS)
        {
          read_result = result;
        }
      }
      catch (const ParseException& p)
      {
        error_msg_ = p.what();
        ROS_WARN("%s", p.what());
        ROS_WARN("For sentence: [%s]", boost::algorithm::join(sentence.body, ",").c_str());
        read_result = READ_PARSE_FAILED;
      }
    }

    for(const auto& sentence : novatel_sentences)
    {
      try
      {
        NovatelGps::ReadResult result = ParseNovatelSentence(sentence, stamp);
        if (result != READ_SUCCESS)
        {
          read_result = result;
        }
      }
      catch (const ParseException& p)
      {
        error_msg_ = p.what();
        ROS_WARN("%s", p.what());
        read_result = READ_PARSE_FAILED;
      }
    }

    for(const auto& msg : binary_messages)
    {
      try
      {
        NovatelGps::ReadResult result = ParseBinaryMessage(msg, stamp);
        if (result != READ_SUCCESS)
        {
          read_result = result;
        }
      }
      catch (const ParseException& p)
      {
        error_msg_ = p.what();
        ROS_WARN("%s", p.what());
        read_result = READ_PARSE_FAILED;
      }
    }

    return read_result;
  }

  void NovatelGps::GetNovatelPositions(std::vector<novatel_gps_msgs::NovatelPositionPtr>& positions)
  {
    positions.clear();
    positions.insert(positions.end(), novatel_positions_.begin(), novatel_positions_.end());
    novatel_positions_.clear();
  }

  void NovatelGps::GetNovatelXYZPositions(std::vector<novatel_gps_msgs::NovatelXYZPtr>& positions)
  {
    positions.clear();
    positions.insert(positions.end(), novatel_xyz_positions_.begin(), novatel_xyz_positions_.end());
    novatel_xyz_positions_.clear();
  }

  void NovatelGps::GetNovatelUtmPositions(std::vector<novatel_gps_msgs::NovatelUtmPositionPtr>& utm_positions)
  {
    utm_positions.clear();
    utm_positions.insert(utm_positions.end(), novatel_utm_positions_.begin(), novatel_utm_positions_.end());
    novatel_utm_positions_.clear();
  }

  void NovatelGps::GetNovatelVelocities(std::vector<novatel_gps_msgs::NovatelVelocityPtr>& velocities)
  {
    velocities.resize(novatel_velocities_.size());
    std::copy(novatel_velocities_.begin(), novatel_velocities_.end(), velocities.begin());
    novatel_velocities_.clear();
  }

  void NovatelGps::GetFixMessages(std::vector<gps_common::GPSFixPtr>& fix_messages)
  {
    // Clear out the fix_messages list before filling it
    fix_messages.clear();

    while (!bestpos_sync_buffer_.empty())
    {
      auto& bestpos = bestpos_sync_buffer_.front();

      bool synced = false;

      auto gpsFix = boost::make_shared<gps_common::GPSFix>();

      // Speed & Track are filled in from BESTVEL logs, if available
      while (!bestvel_sync_buffer_.empty())
      {
        auto& bestvel = bestvel_sync_buffer_.front();

        // TODO pjr handle wrapping around week boundary?
        double time_diff = std::fabs(bestvel->novatel_msg_header.gps_seconds -
                                     bestpos->novatel_msg_header.gps_seconds);
        if (time_diff < gpsfix_sync_tol_)
        {
          // Within tolerance, messages synced
          gpsFix->track = bestvel->track_ground;
          gpsFix->speed = std::sqrt(std::pow(bestvel->horizontal_speed, 2) + std::pow(bestvel->vertical_speed, 2));
          synced = true;
          break;
        }
        else if (bestvel->novatel_msg_header.gps_seconds < bestpos->novatel_msg_header.gps_seconds)
        {
          // Bestvel timestamp is too old, throw it away and try again
          bestvel_sync_buffer_.pop_front();
        }
        else
        {
          // Latest bestvel message is too new, do nothing for now
          break;
        }
      }

      if (!synced && wait_for_sync_)
      {
        // TODO Handle this properly if bestvel is disabled
        // If we have a bestpos and are configured to wait for a sync, we need
        // to wait until a bestvel arrives.

        break;
      }

      gpsFix->header.stamp = ros::Time::now();
      gpsFix->altitude = bestpos->height;
      gpsFix->latitude = bestpos->lat;
      gpsFix->longitude = bestpos->lon;

      if (bestpos->solution_status == "SOL_COMPUTED")
      {
        gpsFix->status.status = gps_common::GPSStatus::STATUS_FIX;
      }
      else
      {
        gpsFix->status.status = gps_common::GPSStatus::STATUS_NO_FIX;
      }

      gpsFix->time = bestpos->novatel_msg_header.gps_seconds;

      gpsFix->status.header.stamp = gpsFix->header.stamp;
      gpsFix->status.satellites_visible = bestpos->num_satellites_tracked;
      gpsFix->status.satellites_used = bestpos->num_satellites_used_in_solution;

      double sigma_x = bestpos->lon_sigma;
      double sigma_x_squared = sigma_x * sigma_x;
      gpsFix->position_covariance[0] = sigma_x_squared;

      double sigma_y = bestpos->lat_sigma;
      double sigma_y_squared = sigma_y * sigma_y;
      gpsFix->position_covariance[4] = sigma_y_squared;

      double sigma_z = bestpos->height_sigma;
      gpsFix->position_covariance[8] = sigma_z * sigma_z;

      // See https://www.novatel.com/assets/Documents/Bulletins/apn029.pdf for info about errors
      // 2D error is 2*DRMS, or 95% probability
      gpsFix->err_horz = 2.0 * std::sqrt(sigma_x_squared + sigma_y_squared);

      // 3D error is 90% spherical accuracy standard
      gpsFix->err = 0.833 * (sigma_x + sigma_y + sigma_z);

      // Vertical error is 2*sigma for 95% probability
      gpsFix->err_vert = 2.0 * sigma_z;

      gpsFix->position_covariance_type =
          gps_common::GPSFix::COVARIANCE_TYPE_DIAGONAL_KNOWN;

      // DOPs are filled in from the PSRDOP2 log, if available
      if (latest_psrdop2_)
      {
        gpsFix->gdop = latest_psrdop2_->gdop;
        gpsFix->pdop = latest_psrdop2_->pdop;
        gpsFix->hdop = latest_psrdop2_->hdop;
        gpsFix->vdop = latest_psrdop2_->vdop;
        if (!latest_psrdop2_->systems.empty())
        {
          // The PSRDOP2 log can have multiple TDOPs, but the GPSFix message
          // only has one... so just use the first one.
          gpsFix->tdop = latest_psrdop2_->systems.front().tdop;
        }
      }

      // TODO Fill in orientation from INSATT on SPAN systems

      fix_messages.push_back(gpsFix);
      bestpos_sync_buffer_.pop_front();
    }
  }

  void  NovatelGps::GetNovatelHeading2Messages(std::vector<novatel_gps_msgs::NovatelHeading2Ptr>& headings) {
    headings.clear();
    headings.insert(headings.end(), heading2_msgs_.begin(), heading2_msgs_.end());
    heading2_msgs_.clear();
  }

  void  NovatelGps::GetNovatelDualAntennaHeadingMessages(std::vector<novatel_gps_msgs::NovatelDualAntennaHeadingPtr>& headings) {
    headings.clear();
    headings.insert(headings.end(), dual_antenna_heading_msgs_.begin(), dual_antenna_heading_msgs_.end());
    dual_antenna_heading_msgs_.clear();
  }

  void NovatelGps::GetNovatelCorrectedImuData(std::vector<novatel_gps_msgs::NovatelCorrectedImuDataPtr>& imu_messages)
  {
    imu_messages.clear();
    imu_messages.insert(imu_messages.end(), corrimudata_msgs_.begin(), corrimudata_msgs_.end());
    corrimudata_msgs_.clear();
  }

  void NovatelGps::GetNovatelPsrdop2Messages(std::vector<novatel_gps_msgs::NovatelPsrdop2Ptr>& psrdop2_messages)
  {
    psrdop2_messages.clear();
    psrdop2_messages.insert(psrdop2_messages.end(), psrdop2_msgs_.begin(), psrdop2_msgs_.end());
    psrdop2_msgs_.clear();
  }

  void NovatelGps::GetGpggaMessages(std::vector<novatel_gps_msgs::GpggaPtr>& gpgga_messages)
  {
    gpgga_messages.clear();
    gpgga_messages.insert(gpgga_messages.end(), gpgga_msgs_.begin(), gpgga_msgs_.end());
    gpgga_msgs_.clear();
  }

  void NovatelGps::GetGpgsaMessages(std::vector<novatel_gps_msgs::GpgsaPtr>& gpgsa_messages)
  {
    gpgsa_messages.resize(gpgsa_msgs_.size());
    std::copy(gpgsa_msgs_.begin(), gpgsa_msgs_.end(), gpgsa_messages.begin());
    gpgsa_msgs_.clear();
  }

  void NovatelGps::GetGpgsvMessages(std::vector<novatel_gps_msgs::GpgsvPtr>& gpgsv_messages)
  {
    gpgsv_messages.resize(gpgsv_msgs_.size());
    std::copy(gpgsv_msgs_.begin(), gpgsv_msgs_.end(), gpgsv_messages.begin());
    gpgsv_msgs_.clear();
  }

  void NovatelGps::GetGphdtMessages(std::vector<novatel_gps_msgs::GphdtPtr>& gphdt_messages)
  {
    gphdt_messages.resize(gphdt_msgs_.size());
    std::copy(gphdt_msgs_.begin(), gphdt_msgs_.end(), gphdt_messages.begin());
    gphdt_msgs_.clear();
  }

  void NovatelGps::GetGprmcMessages(std::vector<novatel_gps_msgs::GprmcPtr>& gprmc_messages)
  {
    gprmc_messages.clear();
    gprmc_messages.insert(gprmc_messages.end(), gprmc_msgs_.begin(), gprmc_msgs_.end());
    gprmc_msgs_.clear();
  }

  void NovatelGps::GetInscovMessages(std::vector<novatel_gps_msgs::InscovPtr>& inscov_messages)
  {
    inscov_messages.clear();
    inscov_messages.insert(inscov_messages.end(), inscov_msgs_.begin(), inscov_msgs_.end());
    inscov_msgs_.clear();
  }

  void NovatelGps::GetInspvaMessages(std::vector<novatel_gps_msgs::InspvaPtr>& inspva_messages)
  {
    inspva_messages.clear();
    inspva_messages.insert(inspva_messages.end(), inspva_msgs_.begin(), inspva_msgs_.end());
    inspva_msgs_.clear();
  }

  void NovatelGps::GetInspvaxMessages(std::vector<novatel_gps_msgs::InspvaxPtr>& inspvax_messages)
  {
    inspvax_messages.clear();
    inspvax_messages.insert(inspvax_messages.end(), inspvax_msgs_.begin(), inspvax_msgs_.end());
    inspvax_msgs_.clear();
  }

  void NovatelGps::GetInsstdevMessages(std::vector<novatel_gps_msgs::InsstdevPtr>& insstdev_messages)
  {
    insstdev_messages.clear();
    insstdev_messages.insert(insstdev_messages.end(), insstdev_msgs_.begin(), insstdev_msgs_.end());
    insstdev_msgs_.clear();
  }

  void NovatelGps::GetRangeMessages(std::vector<novatel_gps_msgs::RangePtr>& range_messages)
  {
    range_messages.resize(range_msgs_.size());
    std::copy(range_msgs_.begin(), range_msgs_.end(), range_messages.begin());
    range_msgs_.clear();
  }

  void NovatelGps::GetTimeMessages(std::vector<novatel_gps_msgs::TimePtr>& time_messages)
  {
    time_messages.resize(time_msgs_.size());
    std::copy(time_msgs_.begin(), time_msgs_.end(), time_messages.begin());
    time_msgs_.clear();
  }

  void NovatelGps::GetTrackstatMessages(std::vector<novatel_gps_msgs::TrackstatPtr>& trackstat_msgs)
  {
    trackstat_msgs.resize(trackstat_msgs_.size());
    std::copy(trackstat_msgs_.begin(), trackstat_msgs_.end(), trackstat_msgs.begin());
    trackstat_msgs_.clear();
  }

  void NovatelGps::GetClockSteeringMessages(std::vector<novatel_gps_msgs::ClockSteeringPtr>& clocksteering_msgs)
  {
    clocksteering_msgs.resize(clocksteering_msgs_.size());
    std::copy(clocksteering_msgs_.begin(), clocksteering_msgs_.end(), clocksteering_msgs.begin());
    clocksteering_msgs_.clear();
  }

  bool NovatelGps::CreatePcapConnection(const std::string& device, NovatelMessageOpts const& opts)
  {
    ROS_INFO("Opening pcap file: %s", device.c_str());

    if ((pcap_ = pcap_open_offline(device.c_str(), pcap_errbuf_)) == nullptr)
    {
      ROS_FATAL("Unable to open pcap file.");
      return false;
    }

    pcap_compile(pcap_, &pcap_packet_filter_, "tcp dst port 3001", 1, PCAP_NETMASK_UNKNOWN);
    is_connected_ = true;

    return true;
  }

  bool NovatelGps::CreateSerialConnection(const std::string& device, NovatelMessageOpts const& opts)
  {
    swri_serial_util::SerialConfig config;
    config.baud = serial_baud_;
    config.parity = swri_serial_util::SerialConfig::NO_PARITY;
    config.flow_control = false;
    config.data_bits = 8;
    config.stop_bits = 1;
    config.low_latency_mode = false;
    config.writable = true; // Assume that we can write to this port

    bool success = serial_.Open(device, config);

    if (success)
    {
      is_connected_ = true;
      if (!Configure(opts))
      {
        // We will not kill the connection here, because the device may already
        // be setup to communicate correctly, but we will print a warning
        ROS_ERROR("Failed to configure GPS. This port may be read only, or the "
                 "device may not be functioning as expected; however, the "
                 "driver may still function correctly if the port has already "
                 "been pre-configured.");
      }
    }
    else
    {
      error_msg_ = serial_.ErrorMsg();
    }

    return success;
  }

  bool NovatelGps::CreateIpConnection(const std::string& endpoint, NovatelMessageOpts const& opts)
  {
    std::string ip;
    std::string port;
    uint16_t num_port;
    size_t sep_pos = endpoint.find(':');
    if (sep_pos == std::string::npos || sep_pos == endpoint.size() - 1)
    {
      ROS_INFO("Using default port.");
      std::stringstream ss;
      if (connection_ == TCP)
      {
        num_port = DEFAULT_TCP_PORT;
      }
      else
      {
        num_port = DEFAULT_UDP_PORT;
      }
      ss << num_port;
      port = ss.str();
    }
    else
    {
      port = endpoint.substr(sep_pos + 1);
    }

    if (sep_pos != 0)
    {
      ip = endpoint.substr(0, sep_pos);
    }

    try
    {
      if (!ip.empty())
      {
        if (connection_ == TCP)
        {
          boost::asio::ip::tcp::resolver resolver(io_service_);
          boost::asio::ip::tcp::resolver::query query(ip, port);
          boost::asio::ip::tcp::resolver::iterator iter = resolver.resolve(query);

          boost::asio::connect(tcp_socket_, iter);
          ROS_INFO("Connecting via TCP to %s:%s", ip.c_str(), port.c_str());
        }
        else
        {
          boost::asio::ip::udp::resolver resolver(io_service_);
          boost::asio::ip::udp::resolver::query query(ip, port);
          udp_endpoint_ = boost::make_shared<boost::asio::ip::udp::endpoint>(*resolver.resolve(query));
          udp_socket_.reset(new boost::asio::ip::udp::socket(io_service_));
          udp_socket_->open(boost::asio::ip::udp::v4());
          ROS_INFO("Connecting via UDP to %s:%s", ip.c_str(), port.c_str());
        }
      }
      else
      {
        auto port_num = static_cast<uint16_t>(strtoll(port.c_str(), nullptr, 10));
        if (connection_ == TCP)
        {
          boost::asio::ip::tcp::acceptor acceptor(io_service_,
                                                  boost::asio::ip::tcp::endpoint(
                                                      boost::asio::ip::tcp::v4(), port_num));
          ROS_INFO("Listening on TCP port %s", port.c_str());
          acceptor.accept(tcp_socket_);
          ROS_INFO("Accepted TCP connection from client: %s",
                   tcp_socket_.remote_endpoint().address().to_string().c_str());
        }
        else
        {
          udp_socket_.reset(new boost::asio::ip::udp::socket(
              io_service_,
              boost::asio::ip::udp::endpoint(boost::asio::ip::udp::v4(),
                                             port_num)));
          boost::array<char, 1> recv_buf;
          udp_endpoint_ = boost::make_shared<boost::asio::ip::udp::endpoint>();
          boost::system::error_code error;

          ROS_INFO("Listening on UDP port %s", port.c_str());
          udp_socket_->receive_from(boost::asio::buffer(recv_buf), *udp_endpoint_, 0, error);
          if (error && error != boost::asio::error::message_size)
          {
            throw boost::system::system_error(error);
          }

          ROS_INFO("Accepted UDP connection from client: %s",
                   udp_endpoint_->address().to_string().c_str());
        }
      }
    }
    catch (std::exception& e)
    {
      error_msg_ = e.what();
      ROS_ERROR("Unable to connect: %s", e.what());
      return false;
    }

    is_connected_ = true;

    if (Configure(opts))
    {
      ROS_INFO("Configured GPS.");
    }
    else
    {
      // We will not kill the connection here, because the device may already
      // be setup to communicate correctly, but we will print a warning
      ROS_ERROR("Failed to configure GPS. This port may be read only, or the "
                   "device may not be functioning as expected; however, the "
                   "driver may still function correctly if the port has already "
                   "been pre-configured.");
    }

    return true;
  }

  NovatelGps::ReadResult NovatelGps::ReadData()
  {
    if (connection_ == SERIAL)
    {
      swri_serial_util::SerialPort::Result result =
          serial_.ReadBytes(data_buffer_, 0, 1000);

      if (result == swri_serial_util::SerialPort::ERROR)
      {
        error_msg_ = serial_.ErrorMsg();
        return READ_ERROR;
      }
      else if (result == swri_serial_util::SerialPort::TIMEOUT)
      {
        error_msg_ = "Timed out waiting for serial device.";
        return READ_TIMEOUT;
      }
      else if (result == swri_serial_util::SerialPort::INTERRUPTED)
      {
        error_msg_ = "Interrupted during read from serial device.";
        return READ_INTERRUPTED;
      }

      return READ_SUCCESS;
    }
    else if (connection_ == TCP || connection_ == UDP)
    {
      try
      {
        boost::system::error_code error;
        size_t len;

        if (connection_ == TCP)
        {
          len = tcp_socket_.read_some(boost::asio::buffer(socket_buffer_), error);
        }
        else
        {
          boost::asio::ip::udp::endpoint remote_endpoint;
          len = udp_socket_->receive_from(boost::asio::buffer(socket_buffer_), remote_endpoint);
        }
        data_buffer_.insert(data_buffer_.end(), socket_buffer_.begin(), socket_buffer_.begin()+len);
        if (error)
        {
          error_msg_ = error.message();
          Disconnect();
          return READ_ERROR;
        }
        return READ_SUCCESS;
      }
      catch (std::exception& e)
      {
        ROS_WARN("TCP connection error: %s", e.what());
      }
    }
    else if (connection_ == PCAP)
    {
      struct pcap_pkthdr* header;
      const u_char *pkt_data;

      int result;
      result = pcap_next_ex(pcap_, &header, &pkt_data);
      if (result >= 0)
      {
        auto iph = reinterpret_cast<const iphdr*>(pkt_data + sizeof(struct ethhdr));
        uint32_t iphdrlen = iph->ihl * 4u;

        switch (iph->protocol)
        {
          case 6: // TCP
          {
            if (header->len == 54)
            {
              // Empty packet, skip it.
              return READ_SUCCESS;
            }

            // It's possible to get multiple subsequent TCP packets with the same seq
            // but latter ones have more data than previous ones.  In case that happens,
            // we need to only process the one with the most data.  We do that by
            // storing the most recently received message in a buffer, replacing it if
            // we get a new one with the same seq but more data, and only sending it to
            // the parser when we get a new packet with a different seq.
            // Note that when we copy data into last_tcp_packet_, we omit the ethernet
            // header because we don't care about it; we still need the IP and TCP
            // headers.  After we move it from last_tcp_packet_ into data_buffer, we
            // can skip the IP header and the TCP data offset.
            bool store_packet = true;
            if (!last_tcp_packet_.empty())
            {
              auto tcph = reinterpret_cast<const tcphdr*>(pkt_data + iphdrlen + sizeof(struct ethhdr));
              auto last_iph = reinterpret_cast<const iphdr*>(&(last_tcp_packet_[0]));
              uint32_t last_iphdrlen = last_iph->ihl * 4u;
              auto last_tcph = reinterpret_cast<const tcphdr*>(&(last_tcp_packet_[0]) + last_iphdrlen);
              uint16_t last_len = ntohs(static_cast<uint16_t>(last_iph->tot_len));
              uint16_t new_len = ntohs(static_cast<uint16_t>(iph->tot_len));
              uint32_t last_seq = ntohl(last_tcph->seq);
              uint32_t new_seq = ntohl(tcph->seq);

              if (new_seq != last_seq)
              {
                // If we got a packet that has a different seq than our previous one, send
                // the previous one and store the new one.
                uint32_t data_offset = last_tcph->doff * 4;
                data_buffer_.insert(data_buffer_.end(),
                                    last_tcp_packet_.begin() + last_iphdrlen + data_offset,
                                    last_tcp_packet_.end());
              }
              else if (new_len <= last_len)
              {
                // If we got a packet with the same seq as the previous one but it doesn't
                // have more data, do nothing.
                store_packet = false;
              }
            }

            if (store_packet)
            {
              // If we get here, we either just sent the previous packet, or we got
              // a new packet with the same seq but more data.  In either case,
              // store it.
              last_tcp_packet_.clear();
              last_tcp_packet_.insert(last_tcp_packet_.end(),
                                      pkt_data + sizeof(struct ethhdr),
                                      pkt_data + header->len);
            }

            break;
          }
          case 17: // UDP
          {
            uint16_t frag_off = ntohs(static_cast<uint16_t>(iph->frag_off));
            uint16_t fragment_offset = frag_off & static_cast<uint16_t>(0x1FFF);
            size_t header_size;
            // UDP packets may be fragmented; this isn't really "correct", but for
            // simplicity's sake we'll assume we get fragments in the right order.
            if (fragment_offset == 0)
            {
              header_size = sizeof(struct ethhdr) + iphdrlen + sizeof(struct udphdr);
            }
            else
            {
              header_size = sizeof(struct ethhdr) + iphdrlen;
            }

            data_buffer_.insert(data_buffer_.end(), pkt_data + header_size, pkt_data + header->len);

            break;
          }
          default:
            ROS_WARN("Unexpected protocol: %u", iph->protocol);
            return READ_ERROR;
        }

        // Add a slight delay after reading packets; if the node is being tested offline
        // and this loop is hammering the TCP, logs won't output properly.
        ros::Duration(0.001).sleep();

        return READ_SUCCESS;
      }
      else if (result == -2)
      {
        ROS_INFO("Done reading pcap file.");
        if (!last_tcp_packet_.empty())
        {
          // Don't forget to submit the last packet if we still have one!
          auto last_iph = reinterpret_cast<const iphdr*>(&(last_tcp_packet_[0]));
          uint32_t iphdrlen = last_iph->ihl * 4u;
          auto last_tcph = reinterpret_cast<const tcphdr*>(&(last_tcp_packet_[0]) + iphdrlen);
          uint32_t data_offset = last_tcph->doff * 4u;
          data_buffer_.insert(data_buffer_.end(),
                              last_tcp_packet_.begin() + iphdrlen + data_offset,
                              last_tcp_packet_.end());
          last_tcp_packet_.clear();
        }
        Disconnect();
        return READ_SUCCESS;
      }
      else
      {
        ROS_WARN("Error reading pcap data: %s", pcap_geterr(pcap_));
        return READ_ERROR;
      }
    }

    error_msg_ = "Unsupported connection type.";

    return READ_ERROR;
  }

  void NovatelGps::GetImuMessages(std::vector<sensor_msgs::ImuPtr>& imu_messages)
  {
    imu_messages.clear();
    imu_messages.insert(imu_messages.end(), imu_msgs_.begin(), imu_msgs_.end());
    imu_msgs_.clear();
  }

  void NovatelGps::GenerateImuMessages()
  {
    if (imu_rate_ <= 0.0)
    {
      ROS_WARN_ONCE("IMU rate has not been configured; cannot produce sensor_msgs/Imu messages.");
      return;
    }

    if (!latest_insstdev_ && !latest_inscov_)
    {
      // If we haven't received an INSSTDEV or an INSCOV message, don't do anything, just return.
      ROS_WARN_THROTTLE(1.0, "No INSSTDEV or INSCOV data yet; orientation covariance will be unavailable.");
    }

    size_t previous_size = imu_msgs_.size();
    // Only do anything if we have both CORRIMUDATA and INSPVA messages.
    while (!corrimudata_queue_.empty() && !inspva_queue_.empty())
    {
      novatel_gps_msgs::NovatelCorrectedImuDataPtr corrimudata = corrimudata_queue_.front();
      novatel_gps_msgs::InspvaPtr inspva = inspva_queue_.front();

      double corrimudata_time = corrimudata->gps_week_num * SECONDS_PER_WEEK + corrimudata->gps_seconds;
      double inspva_time = inspva->novatel_msg_header.gps_week_num *
                               SECONDS_PER_WEEK + inspva->novatel_msg_header.gps_seconds;

      if (std::fabs(corrimudata_time - inspva_time) > IMU_TOLERANCE_S)
      {
        // If the two messages are too far apart to sync, discard the oldest one.
        ROS_DEBUG("INSPVA and CORRIMUDATA were unacceptably far apart.");
        if (corrimudata_time < inspva_time)
        {
          ROS_DEBUG("Discarding oldest CORRIMUDATA.");
          corrimudata_queue_.pop();
          continue;
        }
        else
        {
          ROS_DEBUG("Discarding oldest INSPVA.");
          inspva_queue_.pop();
          continue;
        }
      }
      // If we've successfully matched up two messages, remove them from their queues.
      inspva_queue_.pop();
      corrimudata_queue_.pop();

      // Now we can combine them together to make an Imu message.
      sensor_msgs::ImuPtr imu = boost::make_shared<sensor_msgs::Imu>();

      imu->header.stamp = corrimudata->header.stamp;
      imu->orientation = tf::createQuaternionMsgFromRollPitchYaw(inspva->roll * DEGREES_TO_RADIANS,
                                              -(inspva->pitch) * DEGREES_TO_RADIANS,
                                              -(inspva->azimuth) * DEGREES_TO_RADIANS);

      if (latest_inscov_)
      {
        imu->orientation_covariance = latest_inscov_->attitude_covariance;
      }
      else if (latest_insstdev_)
      {
        imu->orientation_covariance[0] = std::pow(2, latest_insstdev_->pitch_dev);
        imu->orientation_covariance[4] = std::pow(2, latest_insstdev_->roll_dev);
        imu->orientation_covariance[8] = std::pow(2, latest_insstdev_->azimuth_dev);
      }
      else
      {
        imu->orientation_covariance[0] =
        imu->orientation_covariance[4] =
        imu->orientation_covariance[8] = 1e-3;
      }

      imu->angular_velocity.x = corrimudata->pitch_rate * imu_rate_;
      imu->angular_velocity.y = corrimudata->roll_rate * imu_rate_;
      imu->angular_velocity.z = corrimudata->yaw_rate * imu_rate_;
      imu->angular_velocity_covariance[0] =
      imu->angular_velocity_covariance[4] =
      imu->angular_velocity_covariance[8] = 1e-3;

      imu->linear_acceleration.x = corrimudata->lateral_acceleration * imu_rate_;
      imu->linear_acceleration.y = corrimudata->longitudinal_acceleration * imu_rate_;
      imu->linear_acceleration.z = corrimudata->vertical_acceleration * imu_rate_;
      imu->linear_acceleration_covariance[0] =
      imu->linear_acceleration_covariance[4] =
      imu->linear_acceleration_covariance[8] = 1e-3;

      imu_msgs_.push_back(imu);
    }

    size_t new_size = imu_msgs_.size() - previous_size;
    ROS_DEBUG("Created %lu new sensor_msgs/Imu messages.", new_size);
  }

  void NovatelGps::SetImuRate(double imu_rate, bool imu_rate_forced)
  {
    ROS_INFO("IMU sample rate: %f", imu_rate);
    imu_rate_ = imu_rate;
    if (imu_rate_forced)
    {
      imu_rate_forced_ = true;
    }
  }

  void NovatelGps::SetSerialBaud(int32_t serial_baud)
  {
    ROS_INFO("Serial baud rate : %d", serial_baud);
    serial_baud_ = serial_baud;
  }

  NovatelGps::ReadResult NovatelGps::ParseBinaryMessage(const BinaryMessage& msg,
                                                        const ros::Time& stamp) noexcept(false)
  {
    switch (msg.header_.message_id_)
    {
      case BestposParser::MESSAGE_ID:
      {
        novatel_gps_msgs::NovatelPositionPtr position = bestpos_parser_.ParseBinary(msg);
        position->header.stamp = stamp;
        novatel_positions_.push_back(position);
        bestpos_sync_buffer_.push_back(position);
        break;
      }
      case BestxyzParser::MESSAGE_ID:
      {
        novatel_gps_msgs::NovatelXYZPtr xyz_position = bestxyz_parser_.ParseBinary(msg);
        xyz_position->header.stamp = stamp;
        novatel_xyz_positions_.push_back(xyz_position);
        break;
      }
      case BestutmParser::MESSAGE_ID:
      {
        novatel_gps_msgs::NovatelUtmPositionPtr utm_position = bestutm_parser_.ParseBinary(msg);
        utm_position->header.stamp = stamp;
        novatel_utm_positions_.push_back(utm_position);
        break;
      }
      case BestvelParser::MESSAGE_ID:
      {
        novatel_gps_msgs::NovatelVelocityPtr velocity = bestvel_parser_.ParseBinary(msg);
        velocity->header.stamp = stamp;
        novatel_velocities_.push_back(velocity);
        bestvel_sync_buffer_.push_back(velocity);
        break;
      }
      case Heading2Parser::MESSAGE_ID:
      {
        novatel_gps_msgs::NovatelHeading2Ptr heading = heading2_parser_.ParseBinary(msg);
        heading->header.stamp = stamp;
        heading2_msgs_.push_back(heading);
        break;
      }
      case DualAntennaHeadingParser::MESSAGE_ID:
      {
        novatel_gps_msgs::NovatelDualAntennaHeadingPtr heading = dual_antenna_heading_parser_.ParseBinary(msg);
        heading->header.stamp = stamp;
        dual_antenna_heading_msgs_.push_back(heading);
        break;
      }
      case CorrImuDataParser::MESSAGE_ID:
      {
        novatel_gps_msgs::NovatelCorrectedImuDataPtr imu = corrimudata_parser_.ParseBinary(msg);
        imu->header.stamp = stamp;
        corrimudata_msgs_.push_back(imu);
        corrimudata_queue_.push(imu);
        if (corrimudata_queue_.size() > MAX_BUFFER_SIZE)
        {
          ROS_WARN_THROTTLE(1.0, "CORRIMUDATA queue overflow.");
          corrimudata_queue_.pop();
        }
        GenerateImuMessages();
        break;
      }
      case InscovParser::MESSAGE_ID:
      {
        novatel_gps_msgs::InscovPtr inscov = inscov_parser_.ParseBinary(msg);
        inscov->header.stamp = stamp;
        inscov_msgs_.push_back(inscov);
        latest_inscov_ = inscov;
        break;
      }
      case InspvaParser::MESSAGE_ID:
      {
        novatel_gps_msgs::InspvaPtr inspva = inspva_parser_.ParseBinary(msg);
        inspva->header.stamp = stamp;
        inspva_msgs_.push_back(inspva);
        inspva_queue_.push(inspva);
        if (inspva_queue_.size() > MAX_BUFFER_SIZE)
        {
          ROS_WARN_THROTTLE(1.0, "INSPVA queue overflow.");
          inspva_queue_.pop();
        }
        GenerateImuMessages();
        break;
      }
      case InspvaxParser::MESSAGE_ID:
      {
        novatel_gps_msgs::InspvaxPtr inspvax = inspvax_parser_.ParseBinary(msg);
        inspvax->header.stamp = stamp;
        inspvax_msgs_.push_back(inspvax);
        break;
      }
      case InsstdevParser::MESSAGE_ID:
      {
        novatel_gps_msgs::InsstdevPtr insstdev = insstdev_parser_.ParseBinary(msg);
        insstdev->header.stamp = stamp;
        insstdev_msgs_.push_back(insstdev);
        latest_insstdev_ = insstdev;
        break;
      }
      case Psrdop2Parser::MESSAGE_ID:
      {
        auto psrdop2 = psrdop2_parser_.ParseBinary(msg);
        psrdop2->header.stamp = stamp;
        psrdop2_msgs_.push_back(psrdop2);
        latest_psrdop2_ = psrdop2;
        break;
      }
      case RangeParser::MESSAGE_ID:
      {
        novatel_gps_msgs::RangePtr range = range_parser_.ParseBinary(msg);
        range->header.stamp = stamp;
        range_msgs_.push_back(range);
        break;
      }
      case TimeParser::MESSAGE_ID:
      {
        novatel_gps_msgs::TimePtr time = time_parser_.ParseBinary(msg);
        utc_offset_ = time->utc_offset;
        ROS_DEBUG("Got a new TIME with offset %f. UTC offset is %f", time->utc_offset, utc_offset_);
        time->header.stamp = stamp;
        time_msgs_.push_back(time);
        break;
      }
      case TrackstatParser::MESSAGE_ID:
      {
        novatel_gps_msgs::TrackstatPtr trackstat = trackstat_parser_.ParseBinary(msg);
        trackstat->header.stamp = stamp;
        trackstat_msgs_.push_back(trackstat);
        break;
      }
      default:
        ROS_WARN("Unexpected binary message id: %u", msg.header_.message_id_);
        break;
    }

    return READ_SUCCESS;
  }

  NovatelGps::ReadResult NovatelGps::ParseNmeaSentence(const NmeaSentence& sentence,
                                                       const ros::Time& stamp,
                                                       double most_recent_utc_time) noexcept(false)
  {
    if (sentence.id == GpggaParser::MESSAGE_NAME)
    {
      novatel_gps_msgs::GpggaPtr gpgga = gpgga_parser_.ParseAscii(sentence);

      auto gpgga_time = UtcFloatToSeconds(gpgga->utc_seconds);

      if (most_recent_utc_time < gpgga_time)
      {
        most_recent_utc_time = gpgga_time;
      }

      gpgga->header.stamp = stamp - ros::Duration(most_recent_utc_time - gpgga_time);

      gpgga_msgs_.push_back(std::move(gpgga));
    }
    else if (sentence.id == GprmcParser::MESSAGE_NAME)
    {
      novatel_gps_msgs::GprmcPtr gprmc = gprmc_parser_.ParseAscii(sentence);

      auto gprmc_time = UtcFloatToSeconds(gprmc->utc_seconds);

      if (most_recent_utc_time < gprmc_time)
      {
        most_recent_utc_time = gprmc_time;
      }

      gprmc->header.stamp = stamp - ros::Duration(most_recent_utc_time - gprmc_time);

      gprmc_msgs_.push_back(std::move(gprmc));
    }
    else if (sentence.id == GpgsaParser::MESSAGE_NAME)
    {
      novatel_gps_msgs::GpgsaPtr gpgsa = gpgsa_parser_.ParseAscii(sentence);
      gpgsa_msgs_.push_back(gpgsa);
    }
    else if (sentence.id == GpgsvParser::MESSAGE_NAME)
    {
      novatel_gps_msgs::GpgsvPtr gpgsv = gpgsv_parser_.ParseAscii(sentence);
      gpgsv_msgs_.push_back(gpgsv);
    }
    else if (sentence.id == GphdtParser::MESSAGE_NAME)
    {
      novatel_gps_msgs::GphdtPtr gphdt = gphdt_parser_.ParseAscii(sentence);
      gphdt_msgs_.push_back(gphdt);
    }
    else
    {
      ROS_DEBUG_STREAM("Unrecognized NMEA sentence " << sentence.id);
    }

    return READ_SUCCESS;
  }

  NovatelGps::ReadResult NovatelGps::ParseNovatelSentence(const NovatelSentence& sentence,
                                                          const ros::Time& stamp) noexcept(false)
  {
    if (sentence.id == "BESTPOSA")
    {
      novatel_gps_msgs::NovatelPositionPtr position = bestpos_parser_.ParseAscii(sentence);
      position->header.stamp = stamp;
      novatel_positions_.push_back(position);
      bestpos_sync_buffer_.push_back(position);
    }
    else if (sentence.id == "BESTXYZA")
    {
      novatel_gps_msgs::NovatelXYZPtr position = bestxyz_parser_.ParseAscii(sentence);
      position->header.stamp = stamp;
      novatel_xyz_positions_.push_back(position);
    }
    else if (sentence.id == "BESTUTMA")
    {
      novatel_gps_msgs::NovatelUtmPositionPtr utm_position = bestutm_parser_.ParseAscii(sentence);
      utm_position->header.stamp = stamp;
      novatel_utm_positions_.push_back(utm_position);
    }
    else if (sentence.id == "BESTVELA")
    {
      novatel_gps_msgs::NovatelVelocityPtr velocity = bestvel_parser_.ParseAscii(sentence);
      velocity->header.stamp = stamp;
      novatel_velocities_.push_back(velocity);
      bestvel_sync_buffer_.push_back(velocity);
    }
    else if (sentence.id == "HEADING2A")
    {
      novatel_gps_msgs::NovatelHeading2Ptr heading = heading2_parser_.ParseAscii(sentence);
      heading->header.stamp = stamp;
      heading2_msgs_.push_back(heading);
    }
    else if (sentence.id == "DUALANTENNAHEADINGA")
    {
      novatel_gps_msgs::NovatelDualAntennaHeadingPtr heading = dual_antenna_heading_parser_.ParseAscii(sentence);
      heading->header.stamp = stamp;
      dual_antenna_heading_msgs_.push_back(heading);
    }
    else if (sentence.id == "CORRIMUDATAA")
    {
      novatel_gps_msgs::NovatelCorrectedImuDataPtr imu = corrimudata_parser_.ParseAscii(sentence);
      imu->header.stamp = stamp;
      corrimudata_msgs_.push_back(imu);
      corrimudata_queue_.push(imu);
      if (corrimudata_queue_.size() > MAX_BUFFER_SIZE)
      {
        ROS_WARN_THROTTLE(1.0, "CORRIMUDATA queue overflow.");
        corrimudata_queue_.pop();
      }
      GenerateImuMessages();
    }
    else if (sentence.id == "INSCOVA")
    {
      novatel_gps_msgs::InscovPtr inscov = inscov_parser_.ParseAscii(sentence);
      inscov->header.stamp = stamp;
      inscov_msgs_.push_back(inscov);
      latest_inscov_ = inscov;
    }
    else if (sentence.id == "INSPVAA")
    {
      novatel_gps_msgs::InspvaPtr inspva = inspva_parser_.ParseAscii(sentence);
      inspva->header.stamp = stamp;
      inspva_msgs_.push_back(inspva);
      inspva_queue_.push(inspva);
      if (inspva_queue_.size() > MAX_BUFFER_SIZE)
      {
        ROS_WARN_THROTTLE(1.0, "INSPVA queue overflow.");
        inspva_queue_.pop();
      }
      GenerateImuMessages();
    }
    else if (sentence.id == "INSPVAXA")
    {
      novatel_gps_msgs::InspvaxPtr inspvax = inspvax_parser_.ParseAscii(sentence);
      inspvax->header.stamp = stamp;
      inspvax_msgs_.push_back(inspvax);
    }
    else if (sentence.id == "INSSTDEVA")
    {
      novatel_gps_msgs::InsstdevPtr insstdev = insstdev_parser_.ParseAscii(sentence);
      insstdev->header.stamp = stamp;
      insstdev_msgs_.push_back(insstdev);
      latest_insstdev_ = insstdev;
    }
    else if (sentence.id == "PSRDOP2A")
    {
      auto psrdop2 = psrdop2_parser_.ParseAscii(sentence);
      psrdop2->header.stamp = stamp;
      psrdop2_msgs_.push_back(psrdop2);
      latest_psrdop2_ = psrdop2;
    }
    else if (sentence.id == "TIMEA")
    {
      novatel_gps_msgs::TimePtr time = time_parser_.ParseAscii(sentence);
      utc_offset_ = time->utc_offset;
      ROS_DEBUG("Got a new TIME with offset %f. UTC offset is %f", time->utc_offset, utc_offset_);
      time->header.stamp = stamp;
      time_msgs_.push_back(time);
    }
    else if (sentence.id == "RANGEA")
    {
      novatel_gps_msgs::RangePtr range = range_parser_.ParseAscii(sentence);
      range->header.stamp = stamp;
      range_msgs_.push_back(range);
    }
    else if (sentence.id == "TRACKSTATA")
    {
      novatel_gps_msgs::TrackstatPtr trackstat = trackstat_parser_.ParseAscii(sentence);
      trackstat->header.stamp = stamp;
      trackstat_msgs_.push_back(trackstat);
    }
    else if (sentence.id == "RAWIMUXA")
    {
      static std::map<std::string, std::pair<double, std::string>> rates = {
        { "0",  std::pair<double, std::string>(100, "Unknown") },
        { "1",  std::pair<double, std::string>(100, "Honeywell HG1700 AG11") },
        { "4",  std::pair<double, std::string>(100, "Honeywell HG1700 AG17") },
        { "5",  std::pair<double, std::string>(100, "Honeywell HG1700 CA29") },
        { "8",  std::pair<double, std::string>(200, "Litton LN-200 (200hz model)") },
        { "11", std::pair<double, std::string>(100, "Honeywell HG1700 AG58") },
        { "12", std::pair<double, std::string>(100, "Honeywell HG1700 AG62") },
        { "13", std::pair<double, std::string>(200, "iMAR ilMU-FSAS") },
        { "16", std::pair<double, std::string>(200, "KVH 1750 IMU") },
        { "19", std::pair<double, std::string>(200, "Northrop Grumman Litef LCI-1") },
        { "20", std::pair<double, std::string>(100, "Honeywell HG1930 AA99") },
        { "26", std::pair<double, std::string>(100, "Northrop Grumman Litef ISA-100C") },
        { "27", std::pair<double, std::string>(100, "Honeywell HG1900 CA50") },
        { "28", std::pair<double, std::string>(100, "Honeywell HG1930 CA50") },
        { "31", std::pair<double, std::string>(200, "Analog Devices ADIS16488") },
        { "32", std::pair<double, std::string>(125, "Sensonor STIM300") },
        { "33", std::pair<double, std::string>(200, "KVH1750 IMU") },
        { "34", std::pair<double, std::string>(200, "Northrop Grumman Litef ISA-100") },
        { "38", std::pair<double, std::string>(400, "Northrop Grumman Litef ISA-100 400Hz") },
        { "39", std::pair<double, std::string>(400, "Northrop Grumman Litef ISA-100C 400Hz") },
        { "41", std::pair<double, std::string>(125, "Epson G320N") },
        { "45", std::pair<double, std::string>(200, "KVH 1725 IMU?") }, //(This was a guess based on the 1750
                       // as the actual rate is not documented and the specs are similar)
        { "52", std::pair<double, std::string>(200, "Litef microIMU") },
        { "56", std::pair<double, std::string>(125, "Sensonor STIM300, Direct Connection") },
        { "58", std::pair<double, std::string>(200, "Honeywell HG4930 AN01") },
        { "61", std::pair<double, std::string>(100, "Epson G370N") },
       };

      // Parse out the IMU type then save it, we don't care about the rest (3rd field)
      std::string id = sentence.body.size() > 1 ? sentence.body[1] : "";
      if (rates.find(id) != rates.end())
      {
        double rate = rates[id].first;

        ROS_INFO("IMU Type %s Found, Rate: %f Hz", rates[id].second.c_str(), (float)rate);

        // Set the rate only if it hasn't been forced already
        if (!imu_rate_forced_)
        {
          SetImuRate(rate, false); // Dont force set from here so it can be configured elsewhere
        }
      }
      else
      {
        // Error because the imu type was unknown
        ROS_ERROR("Unknown IMU Type Received: %s", id.c_str());
      }
    }
    else if (sentence.id == "CLOCKSTEERINGA")
    {
      novatel_gps_msgs::ClockSteeringPtr clocksteering = clocksteering_parser_.ParseAscii(sentence);
      clocksteering_msgs_.push_back(clocksteering);
    }

    return READ_SUCCESS;
  }

  bool NovatelGps::Write(const std::string& command)
  {
    std::vector<uint8_t> bytes(command.begin(), command.end());

    if (connection_ == SERIAL)
    {
      int32_t written = serial_.Write(bytes);
      if (written != (int32_t)command.length())
      {
        ROS_ERROR("Failed to send command: %s", command.c_str());
      }
      return written == (int32_t)command.length();
    }
    else if (connection_ == TCP || connection_ == UDP)
    {
      boost::system::error_code error;
      try
      {
        size_t written;
        if (connection_ == TCP)
        {
          written = boost::asio::write(tcp_socket_, boost::asio::buffer(bytes), error);
        }
        else
        {
          written = udp_socket_->send_to(boost::asio::buffer(bytes), *udp_endpoint_, 0, error);
        }
        if (error)
        {
          ROS_ERROR("Error writing TCP data: %s", error.message().c_str());
          Disconnect();
        }
        ROS_DEBUG("Wrote %lu bytes.", written);
        return written == (int32_t) command.length();
      }
      catch (std::exception& e)
      {
        Disconnect();
        ROS_ERROR("Exception writing TCP data: %s", e.what());
      }
    }
    else if (connection_ == PCAP)
    {
      ROS_WARN_ONCE("Writing data is unsupported in pcap mode.");
      return true;
    }

    return false;
  }

  bool NovatelGps::Configure(NovatelMessageOpts const& opts)
  {
    bool configured = true;
    configured = configured && Write("unlogall THISPORT_ALL\r\n");

    if (apply_vehicle_body_rotation_)
    {
      configured = configured && Write("vehiclebodyrotation 0 0 90\r\n");
      configured = configured && Write("applyvehiclebodyrotation\r\n");
    }

    for(const auto& option : opts)
    {
      std::stringstream command;
      command << std::setprecision(3);
      if (option.first.find("heading2") != std::string::npos)
      {
        command << "log " << option.first << " onnew " << "\r\n";
      }
      else if (option.second < 0.0)
      {
        command << "log " << option.first << " onchanged\r\n";
      }
      else
      {
        command << "log " << option.first << " ontime " << option.second << "\r\n";
      }
      configured = configured && Write(command.str());
    }

    // Log the IMU data once to get the IMU type
    configured = configured && Write("log rawimuxa\r\n");

    return configured;
  }
}