NearestNeighbor.hpp
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1 
10 #if !defined(GEOGRAPHICLIB_NEARESTNEIGHBOR_HPP)
11 #define GEOGRAPHICLIB_NEARESTNEIGHBOR_HPP 1
12 
13 #include <algorithm> // for nth_element, max_element, etc.
14 #include <vector>
15 #include <queue> // for priority_queue
16 #include <utility> // for swap + pair
17 #include <cstring>
18 #include <limits>
19 #include <cmath>
20 #include <iostream>
21 #include <sstream>
22 // Only for GEOGRAPHICLIB_STATIC_ASSERT and GeographicLib::GeographicErr
24 
25 #if defined(GEOGRAPHICLIB_HAVE_BOOST_SERIALIZATION) && \
26  GEOGRAPHICLIB_HAVE_BOOST_SERIALIZATION
27 #include <boost/serialization/nvp.hpp>
28 #include <boost/serialization/split_member.hpp>
29 #include <boost/serialization/array.hpp>
30 #include <boost/serialization/vector.hpp>
31 #endif
32 
33 #if defined(_MSC_VER)
34 // Squelch warnings about constant conditional expressions
35 # pragma warning (push)
36 # pragma warning (disable: 4127)
37 #endif
38 
39 namespace GeographicLib {
40 
103  template <typename dist_t, typename pos_t, class distfun_t>
105  // For tracking changes to the I/O format
106  static const int version = 1;
107  // This is what we get "free"; but if sizeof(dist_t) = 1 (unlikely), allow
108  // 4 slots (and this accommodates the default value bucket = 4).
109  static const int maxbucket =
110  (2 + ((4 * sizeof(dist_t)) / sizeof(int) >= 2 ?
111  (4 * sizeof(dist_t)) / sizeof(int) : 2));
112  public:
113 
120 
150  NearestNeighbor(const std::vector<pos_t>& pts, const distfun_t& dist,
151  int bucket = 4) {
152  Initialize(pts, dist, bucket);
153  }
154 
171  void Initialize(const std::vector<pos_t>& pts, const distfun_t& dist,
172  int bucket = 4) {
173  GEOGRAPHICLIB_STATIC_ASSERT(std::numeric_limits<dist_t>::is_signed,
174  "dist_t must be a signed type");
175  if (!( 0 <= bucket && bucket <= maxbucket ))
177  ("bucket must lie in [0, 2 + 4*sizeof(dist_t)/sizeof(int)]");
178  if (pts.size() > size_t(std::numeric_limits<int>::max()))
179  throw GeographicLib::GeographicErr("pts array too big");
180  // the pair contains distance+id
181  std::vector<item> ids(pts.size());
182  for (int k = int(ids.size()); k--;)
183  ids[k] = std::make_pair(dist_t(0), k);
184  int cost = 0;
185  std::vector<Node> tree;
186  init(pts, dist, bucket, tree, ids, cost,
187  0, int(ids.size()), int(ids.size()/2));
188  _tree.swap(tree);
189  _numpoints = int(pts.size());
190  _bucket = bucket;
191  _mc = _sc = 0;
192  _cost = cost; _c1 = _k = _cmax = 0;
194  }
195 
259  dist_t Search(const std::vector<pos_t>& pts, const distfun_t& dist,
260  const pos_t& query,
261  std::vector<int>& ind,
262  int k = 1,
263  dist_t maxdist = std::numeric_limits<dist_t>::max(),
264  dist_t mindist = -1,
265  bool exhaustive = true,
266  dist_t tol = 0) const {
267  if (_numpoints != int(pts.size()))
268  throw GeographicLib::GeographicErr("pts array has wrong size");
269  std::priority_queue<item> results;
270  if (_numpoints > 0 && k > 0 && maxdist > mindist) {
271  // distance to the kth closest point so far
272  dist_t tau = maxdist;
273  // first is negative of how far query is outside boundary of node
274  // +1 if on boundary or inside
275  // second is node index
276  std::priority_queue<item> todo;
277  todo.push(std::make_pair(dist_t(1), int(_tree.size()) - 1));
278  int c = 0;
279  while (!todo.empty()) {
280  int n = todo.top().second;
281  dist_t d = -todo.top().first;
282  todo.pop();
283  dist_t tau1 = tau - tol;
284  // compare tau and d again since tau may have become smaller.
285  if (!( n >= 0 && tau1 >= d )) continue;
286  const Node& current = _tree[n];
287  dist_t dst = 0; // to suppress warning about uninitialized variable
288  bool exitflag = false, leaf = current.index < 0;
289  for (int i = 0; i < (leaf ? _bucket : 1); ++i) {
290  int index = leaf ? current.leaves[i] : current.index;
291  if (index < 0) break;
292  dst = dist(pts[index], query);
293  ++c;
294 
295  if (dst > mindist && dst <= tau) {
296  if (int(results.size()) == k) results.pop();
297  results.push(std::make_pair(dst, index));
298  if (int(results.size()) == k) {
299  if (exhaustive)
300  tau = results.top().first;
301  else {
302  exitflag = true;
303  break;
304  }
305  if (tau <= tol) {
306  exitflag = true;
307  break;
308  }
309  }
310  }
311  }
312  if (exitflag) break;
313 
314  if (current.index < 0) continue;
315  tau1 = tau - tol;
316  for (int l = 0; l < 2; ++l) {
317  if (current.data.child[l] >= 0 &&
318  dst + current.data.upper[l] >= mindist) {
319  if (dst < current.data.lower[l]) {
320  d = current.data.lower[l] - dst;
321  if (tau1 >= d)
322  todo.push(std::make_pair(-d, current.data.child[l]));
323  } else if (dst > current.data.upper[l]) {
324  d = dst - current.data.upper[l];
325  if (tau1 >= d)
326  todo.push(std::make_pair(-d, current.data.child[l]));
327  } else
328  todo.push(std::make_pair(dist_t(1), current.data.child[l]));
329  }
330  }
331  }
332  ++_k;
333  _c1 += c;
334  double omc = _mc;
335  _mc += (c - omc) / _k;
336  _sc += (c - omc) * (c - _mc);
337  if (c > _cmax) _cmax = c;
338  if (c < _cmin) _cmin = c;
339  }
340 
341  dist_t d = -1;
342  ind.resize(results.size());
343 
344  for (int i = int(ind.size()); i--;) {
345  ind[i] = int(results.top().second);
346  if (i == 0) d = results.top().first;
347  results.pop();
348  }
349  return d;
350 
351  }
352 
356  int NumPoints() const { return _numpoints; }
357 
375  void Save(std::ostream& os, bool bin = true) const {
376  int realspec = std::numeric_limits<dist_t>::digits *
377  (std::numeric_limits<dist_t>::is_integer ? -1 : 1);
378  if (bin) {
379  char id[] = "NearestNeighbor_";
380  os.write(id, 16);
381  int buf[6];
382  buf[0] = version;
383  buf[1] = realspec;
384  buf[2] = _bucket;
385  buf[3] = _numpoints;
386  buf[4] = int(_tree.size());
387  buf[5] = _cost;
388  os.write(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(buf), 6 * sizeof(int));
389  for (int i = 0; i < int(_tree.size()); ++i) {
390  const Node& node = _tree[i];
391  os.write(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&node.index), sizeof(int));
392  if (node.index >= 0) {
393  os.write(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(node.data.lower),
394  2 * sizeof(dist_t));
395  os.write(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(node.data.upper),
396  2 * sizeof(dist_t));
397  os.write(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(node.data.child),
398  2 * sizeof(int));
399  } else {
400  os.write(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(node.leaves),
401  _bucket * sizeof(int));
402  }
403  }
404  } else {
405  std::stringstream ostring;
406  // Ensure enough precision for type dist_t. With C++11, max_digits10
407  // can be used instead.
408  if (!std::numeric_limits<dist_t>::is_integer) {
409  static const int prec
410  = int(std::ceil(std::numeric_limits<dist_t>::digits *
411  std::log10(2.0) + 1));
412  ostring.precision(prec);
413  }
414  ostring << version << " " << realspec << " " << _bucket << " "
415  << _numpoints << " " << _tree.size() << " " << _cost;
416  for (int i = 0; i < int(_tree.size()); ++i) {
417  const Node& node = _tree[i];
418  ostring << "\n" << node.index;
419  if (node.index >= 0) {
420  for (int l = 0; l < 2; ++l)
421  ostring << " " << node.data.lower[l] << " " << node.data.upper[l]
422  << " " << node.data.child[l];
423  } else {
424  for (int l = 0; l < _bucket; ++l)
425  ostring << " " << node.leaves[l];
426  }
427  }
428  os << ostring.str();
429  }
430  }
431 
453  void Load(std::istream& is, bool bin = true) {
454  int version1, realspec, bucket, numpoints, treesize, cost;
455  if (bin) {
456  char id[17];
457  is.read(id, 16);
458  id[16] = '\0';
459  if (!(std::strcmp(id, "NearestNeighbor_") == 0))
460  throw GeographicLib::GeographicErr("Bad ID");
461  is.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&version1), sizeof(int));
462  is.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&realspec), sizeof(int));
463  is.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&bucket), sizeof(int));
464  is.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&numpoints), sizeof(int));
465  is.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&treesize), sizeof(int));
466  is.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&cost), sizeof(int));
467  } else {
468  if (!( is >> version1 >> realspec >> bucket >> numpoints >> treesize
469  >> cost ))
470  throw GeographicLib::GeographicErr("Bad header");
471  }
472  if (!( version1 == version ))
473  throw GeographicLib::GeographicErr("Incompatible version");
474  if (!( realspec == std::numeric_limits<dist_t>::digits *
475  (std::numeric_limits<dist_t>::is_integer ? -1 : 1) ))
476  throw GeographicLib::GeographicErr("Different dist_t types");
477  if (!( 0 <= bucket && bucket <= maxbucket ))
478  throw GeographicLib::GeographicErr("Bad bucket size");
479  if (!( 0 <= treesize && treesize <= numpoints ))
480  throw
481  GeographicLib::GeographicErr("Bad number of points or tree size");
482  if (!( 0 <= cost ))
483  throw GeographicLib::GeographicErr("Bad value for cost");
484  std::vector<Node> tree;
485  tree.reserve(treesize);
486  for (int i = 0; i < treesize; ++i) {
487  Node node;
488  if (bin) {
489  is.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&node.index), sizeof(int));
490  if (node.index >= 0) {
491  is.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(node.data.lower),
492  2 * sizeof(dist_t));
493  is.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(node.data.upper),
494  2 * sizeof(dist_t));
495  is.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(node.data.child),
496  2 * sizeof(int));
497  } else {
498  is.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(node.leaves),
499  bucket * sizeof(int));
500  for (int l = bucket; l < maxbucket; ++l)
501  node.leaves[l] = 0;
502  }
503  } else {
504  if (!( is >> node.index ))
505  throw GeographicLib::GeographicErr("Bad index");
506  if (node.index >= 0) {
507  for (int l = 0; l < 2; ++l) {
508  if (!( is >> node.data.lower[l] >> node.data.upper[l]
509  >> node.data.child[l] ))
510  throw GeographicLib::GeographicErr("Bad node data");
511  }
512  } else {
513  // Must be at least one valid leaf followed by a sequence end
514  // markers (-1).
515  for (int l = 0; l < bucket; ++l) {
516  if (!( is >> node.leaves[l] ))
517  throw GeographicLib::GeographicErr("Bad leaf data");
518  }
519  for (int l = bucket; l < maxbucket; ++l)
520  node.leaves[l] = 0;
521  }
522  }
523  node.Check(numpoints, treesize, bucket);
524  tree.push_back(node);
525  }
526  _tree.swap(tree);
527  _numpoints = numpoints;
528  _bucket = bucket;
529  _mc = _sc = 0;
530  _cost = cost; _c1 = _k = _cmax = 0;
532  }
533 
542  friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const NearestNeighbor& t)
543  { t.Save(os, false); return os; }
544 
553  friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& is, NearestNeighbor& t)
554  { t.Load(is, false); return is; }
555 
562  std::swap(_numpoints, t._numpoints);
563  std::swap(_bucket, t._bucket);
564  std::swap(_cost, t._cost);
565  _tree.swap(t._tree);
566  std::swap(_mc, t._mc);
567  std::swap(_sc, t._sc);
568  std::swap(_c1, t._c1);
569  std::swap(_k, t._k);
570  std::swap(_cmin, t._cmin);
571  std::swap(_cmax, t._cmax);
572  }
573 
588  void Statistics(int& setupcost, int& numsearches, int& searchcost,
589  int& mincost, int& maxcost,
590  double& mean, double& sd) const {
591  setupcost = _cost; numsearches = _k; searchcost = _c1;
592  mincost = _cmin; maxcost = _cmax;
593  mean = _mc; sd = std::sqrt(_sc / (_k - 1));
594  }
595 
600  void ResetStatistics() const {
601  _mc = _sc = 0;
602  _c1 = _k = _cmax = 0;
604  }
605 
606  private:
607  // Package up a dist_t and an int. We will want to sort on the dist_t so
608  // put it first.
609  typedef std::pair<dist_t, int> item;
610  // \cond SKIP
611  class Node {
612  public:
613  struct bounds {
614  dist_t lower[2], upper[2]; // bounds on inner/outer distances
615  int child[2];
616  };
617  union {
618  bounds data;
619  int leaves[maxbucket];
620  };
621  int index;
622 
623  Node()
624  : index(-1)
625  {
626  for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
627  data.lower[i] = data.upper[i] = 0;
628  data.child[i] = -1;
629  }
630  }
631 
632  // Sanity check on a Node
633  void Check(int numpoints, int treesize, int bucket) const {
634  if (!( -1 <= index && index < numpoints ))
635  throw GeographicLib::GeographicErr("Bad index");
636  if (index >= 0) {
637  if (!( -1 <= data.child[0] && data.child[0] < treesize &&
638  -1 <= data.child[1] && data.child[1] < treesize ))
639  throw GeographicLib::GeographicErr("Bad child pointers");
640  if (!( 0 <= data.lower[0] && data.lower[0] <= data.upper[0] &&
641  data.upper[0] <= data.lower[1] &&
642  data.lower[1] <= data.upper[1] ))
643  throw GeographicLib::GeographicErr("Bad bounds");
644  } else {
645  // Must be at least one valid leaf followed by a sequence end markers
646  // (-1).
647  bool start = true;
648  for (int l = 0; l < bucket; ++l) {
649  if (!( (start ?
650  ((l == 0 ? 0 : -1) <= leaves[l] && leaves[l] < numpoints) :
651  leaves[l] == -1) ))
652  throw GeographicLib::GeographicErr("Bad leaf data");
653  start = leaves[l] >= 0;
654  }
655  for (int l = bucket; l < maxbucket; ++l) {
656  if (leaves[l] != 0)
657  throw GeographicLib::GeographicErr("Bad leaf data");
658  }
659  }
660  }
661 
662 #if defined(GEOGRAPHICLIB_HAVE_BOOST_SERIALIZATION) && \
663  GEOGRAPHICLIB_HAVE_BOOST_SERIALIZATION
664  friend class boost::serialization::access;
665  template<class Archive>
666  void save(Archive& ar, const unsigned int) const {
667  ar & boost::serialization::make_nvp("index", index);
668  if (index < 0)
669  ar & boost::serialization::make_nvp("leaves", leaves);
670  else
671  ar & boost::serialization::make_nvp("lower", data.lower)
672  & boost::serialization::make_nvp("upper", data.upper)
673  & boost::serialization::make_nvp("child", data.child);
674  }
675  template<class Archive>
676  void load(Archive& ar, const unsigned int) {
677  ar & boost::serialization::make_nvp("index", index);
678  if (index < 0)
679  ar & boost::serialization::make_nvp("leaves", leaves);
680  else
681  ar & boost::serialization::make_nvp("lower", data.lower)
682  & boost::serialization::make_nvp("upper", data.upper)
683  & boost::serialization::make_nvp("child", data.child);
684  }
685  template<class Archive>
686  void serialize(Archive& ar, const unsigned int file_version)
687  { boost::serialization::split_member(ar, *this, file_version); }
688 #endif
689  };
690  // \endcond
691 #if defined(GEOGRAPHICLIB_HAVE_BOOST_SERIALIZATION) && \
692  GEOGRAPHICLIB_HAVE_BOOST_SERIALIZATION
693  friend class boost::serialization::access;
694  template<class Archive> void save(Archive& ar, const unsigned) const {
695  int realspec = std::numeric_limits<dist_t>::digits *
696  (std::numeric_limits<dist_t>::is_integer ? -1 : 1);
697  // Need to use version1, otherwise load error in debug mode on Linux:
698  // undefined reference to GeographicLib::NearestNeighbor<...>::version.
699  int version1 = version;
700  ar & boost::serialization::make_nvp("version", version1)
701  & boost::serialization::make_nvp("realspec", realspec)
702  & boost::serialization::make_nvp("bucket", _bucket)
703  & boost::serialization::make_nvp("numpoints", _numpoints)
704  & boost::serialization::make_nvp("cost", _cost)
705  & boost::serialization::make_nvp("tree", _tree);
706  }
707  template<class Archive> void load(Archive& ar, const unsigned) {
708  int version1, realspec, bucket, numpoints, cost;
709  ar & boost::serialization::make_nvp("version", version1);
710  if (version1 != version)
711  throw GeographicLib::GeographicErr("Incompatible version");
712  std::vector<Node> tree;
713  ar & boost::serialization::make_nvp("realspec", realspec);
714  if (!( realspec == std::numeric_limits<dist_t>::digits *
715  (std::numeric_limits<dist_t>::is_integer ? -1 : 1) ))
716  throw GeographicLib::GeographicErr("Different dist_t types");
717  ar & boost::serialization::make_nvp("bucket", bucket);
718  if (!( 0 <= bucket && bucket <= maxbucket ))
719  throw GeographicLib::GeographicErr("Bad bucket size");
720  ar & boost::serialization::make_nvp("numpoints", numpoints)
721  & boost::serialization::make_nvp("cost", cost)
722  & boost::serialization::make_nvp("tree", tree);
723  if (!( 0 <= int(tree.size()) && int(tree.size()) <= numpoints ))
724  throw
725  GeographicLib::GeographicErr("Bad number of points or tree size");
726  for (int i = 0; i < int(tree.size()); ++i)
727  tree[i].Check(numpoints, int(tree.size()), bucket);
728  _tree.swap(tree);
729  _numpoints = numpoints;
730  _bucket = bucket;
731  _mc = _sc = 0;
732  _cost = cost; _c1 = _k = _cmax = 0;
734  }
735  template<class Archive>
736  void serialize(Archive& ar, const unsigned int file_version)
737  { boost::serialization::split_member(ar, *this, file_version); }
738 #endif
739 
741  std::vector<Node> _tree;
742  // Counters to track stastistics on the cost of searches
743  mutable double _mc, _sc;
744  mutable int _c1, _k, _cmin, _cmax;
745 
746  int init(const std::vector<pos_t>& pts, const distfun_t& dist, int bucket,
747  std::vector<Node>& tree, std::vector<item>& ids, int& cost,
748  int l, int u, int vp) {
749 
750  if (u == l)
751  return -1;
752  Node node;
753 
754  if (u - l > (bucket == 0 ? 1 : bucket)) {
755 
756  // choose a vantage point and move it to the start
757  int i = vp;
758  std::swap(ids[l], ids[i]);
759 
760  int m = (u + l + 1) / 2;
761 
762  for (int k = l + 1; k < u; ++k) {
763  ids[k].first = dist(pts[ids[l].second], pts[ids[k].second]);
764  ++cost;
765  }
766  // partition around the median distance
767  std::nth_element(ids.begin() + l + 1,
768  ids.begin() + m,
769  ids.begin() + u);
770  node.index = ids[l].second;
771  if (m > l + 1) { // node.child[0] is possibly empty
772  typename std::vector<item>::iterator
773  t = std::min_element(ids.begin() + l + 1, ids.begin() + m);
774  node.data.lower[0] = t->first;
775  t = std::max_element(ids.begin() + l + 1, ids.begin() + m);
776  node.data.upper[0] = t->first;
777  // Use point with max distance as vantage point; this point act as a
778  // "corner" point and leads to a good partition.
779  node.data.child[0] = init(pts, dist, bucket, tree, ids, cost,
780  l + 1, m, int(t - ids.begin()));
781  }
782  typename std::vector<item>::iterator
783  t = std::max_element(ids.begin() + m, ids.begin() + u);
784  node.data.lower[1] = ids[m].first;
785  node.data.upper[1] = t->first;
786  // Use point with max distance as vantage point here too
787  node.data.child[1] = init(pts, dist, bucket, tree, ids, cost,
788  m, u, int(t - ids.begin()));
789  } else {
790  if (bucket == 0)
791  node.index = ids[l].second;
792  else {
793  node.index = -1;
794  // Sort the bucket entries so that the tree is independent of the
795  // implementation of nth_element.
796  std::sort(ids.begin() + l, ids.begin() + u);
797  for (int i = l; i < u; ++i)
798  node.leaves[i-l] = ids[i].second;
799  for (int i = u - l; i < bucket; ++i)
800  node.leaves[i] = -1;
801  for (int i = bucket; i < maxbucket; ++i)
802  node.leaves[i] = 0;
803  }
804  }
805 
806  tree.push_back(node);
807  return int(tree.size()) - 1;
808  }
809 
810  };
811 
812 } // namespace GeographicLib
813 
814 namespace std {
815 
826  template <typename dist_t, typename pos_t, class distfun_t>
829  a.swap(b);
830  }
831 
832 } // namespace std
833 
834 #if defined(_MSC_VER)
835 # pragma warning (pop)
836 #endif
837 
838 #endif // GEOGRAPHICLIB_NEARESTNEIGHBOR_HPP
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Definition: NearestNeighbor.hpp:553
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dist_t Search(const std::vector< pos_t > &pts, const distfun_t &dist, const pos_t &query, std::vector< int > &ind, int k=1, dist_t maxdist=std::numeric_limits< dist_t >::max(), dist_t mindist=-1, bool exhaustive=true, dist_t tol=0) const
Definition: NearestNeighbor.hpp:259
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Definition: NearestNeighbor.hpp:740
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Definition: NearestNeighbor.hpp:740
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Exception handling for GeographicLib.
Definition: Constants.hpp:389
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NearestNeighbor(const std::vector< pos_t > &pts, const distfun_t &dist, int bucket=4)
Definition: NearestNeighbor.hpp:150
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Definition: NearestNeighbor.hpp:561
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Definition: NearestNeighbor.hpp:744
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NearestNeighbor()
Definition: NearestNeighbor.hpp:119
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Definition: NearestNeighbor.hpp:600
GeographicLib::NearestNeighbor
Nearest-neighbor calculations.
Definition: NearestNeighbor.hpp:104
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Definition: NearestNeighbor.hpp:746
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Definition: NearestNeighbor.hpp:827
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Definition: AngleAxis_mimic_euler.cpp:1
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Header for GeographicLib::Constants class.
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Definition: NearestNeighbor.hpp:356
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Definition: NearestNeighbor.hpp:741
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Definition: NearestNeighbor.hpp:743
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Definition: NearestNeighbor.hpp:453
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Definition: NearestNeighbor.hpp:106
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Definition: NearestNeighbor.hpp:740
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Definition: NearestNeighbor.hpp:588
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Definition: NearestNeighbor.hpp:744
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Definition: NearestNeighbor.hpp:375
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Definition: datatypes.h:20
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Definition: testSymbolicEliminationTree.cpp:86
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Definition: NearestNeighbor.hpp:743
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Definition: NearestNeighbor.hpp:171
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Definition: NearestNeighbor.hpp:609


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autogenerated on Fri Nov 1 2024 03:33:49