trajectory_execution_manager.cpp

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/* Author: Ioan Sucan */

#include <moveit/trajectory_execution_manager/trajectory_execution_manager.h>
#include <moveit/robot_state/robot_state.h>
#include <moveit_ros_planning/TrajectoryExecutionDynamicReconfigureConfig.h>
#include <dynamic_reconfigure/server.h>
#include <eigen_conversions/eigen_msg.h>

namespace trajectory_execution_manager
{
const std::string TrajectoryExecutionManager::EXECUTION_EVENT_TOPIC = "trajectory_execution_event";

static const ros::Duration DEFAULT_CONTROLLER_INFORMATION_VALIDITY_AGE(1.0);
static const double DEFAULT_CONTROLLER_GOAL_DURATION_MARGIN = 0.5;  // allow 0.5s more than the expected execution time
                                                                    // before triggering a trajectory cancel (applied
                                                                    // after scaling)
static const double DEFAULT_CONTROLLER_GOAL_DURATION_SCALING =
    1.1;  // allow the execution of a trajectory to take more time than expected (scaled by a value > 1)

using namespace moveit_ros_planning;

class TrajectoryExecutionManager::DynamicReconfigureImpl
{
public:
  DynamicReconfigureImpl(TrajectoryExecutionManager* owner)
    : owner_(owner), dynamic_reconfigure_server_(ros::NodeHandle("~/trajectory_execution"))
  {
    dynamic_reconfigure_server_.setCallback(
        boost::bind(&DynamicReconfigureImpl::dynamicReconfigureCallback, this, _1, _2));
  }

private:
  void dynamicReconfigureCallback(TrajectoryExecutionDynamicReconfigureConfig& config, uint32_t level)
  {
    owner_->enableExecutionDurationMonitoring(config.execution_duration_monitoring);
    owner_->setAllowedExecutionDurationScaling(config.allowed_execution_duration_scaling);
    owner_->setAllowedGoalDurationMargin(config.allowed_goal_duration_margin);
    owner_->setExecutionVelocityScaling(config.execution_velocity_scaling);
    owner_->setAllowedStartTolerance(config.allowed_start_tolerance);
    owner_->setWaitForTrajectoryCompletion(config.wait_for_trajectory_completion);
  }

  TrajectoryExecutionManager* owner_;
  dynamic_reconfigure::Server<TrajectoryExecutionDynamicReconfigureConfig> dynamic_reconfigure_server_;
};

TrajectoryExecutionManager::TrajectoryExecutionManager(const robot_model::RobotModelConstPtr& kmodel,
                                                       const planning_scene_monitor::CurrentStateMonitorPtr& csm)
  : robot_model_(kmodel), csm_(csm), node_handle_("~")
{
  if (!node_handle_.getParam("moveit_manage_controllers", manage_controllers_))
    manage_controllers_ = false;

  initialize();
}

TrajectoryExecutionManager::TrajectoryExecutionManager(const robot_model::RobotModelConstPtr& kmodel,
                                                       const planning_scene_monitor::CurrentStateMonitorPtr& csm,
                                                       bool manage_controllers)
  : robot_model_(kmodel), csm_(csm), node_handle_("~"), manage_controllers_(manage_controllers)
{
  initialize();
}

TrajectoryExecutionManager::~TrajectoryExecutionManager()
{
  run_continuous_execution_thread_ = false;
  stopExecution(true);
  delete reconfigure_impl_;
}

static const char* DEPRECATION_WARNING =
    "\nDeprecation warning: parameter '%s' moved into namespace 'trajectory_execution'."
    "\nPlease, adjust file trajectory_execution.launch.xml!";
void TrajectoryExecutionManager::initialize()
{
  reconfigure_impl_ = NULL;
  verbose_ = false;
  execution_complete_ = true;
  stop_continuous_execution_ = false;
  current_context_ = -1;
  last_execution_status_ = moveit_controller_manager::ExecutionStatus::SUCCEEDED;
  run_continuous_execution_thread_ = true;
  execution_duration_monitoring_ = true;
  execution_velocity_scaling_ = 1.0;
  allowed_start_tolerance_ = 0.01;

  // TODO: Reading from old param location should be removed in L-turtle. Handled by DynamicReconfigure.
  if (node_handle_.getParam("allowed_execution_duration_scaling", allowed_execution_duration_scaling_))
    ROS_WARN_NAMED(name_, DEPRECATION_WARNING, "allowed_execution_duration_scaling");
  else
    allowed_execution_duration_scaling_ = DEFAULT_CONTROLLER_GOAL_DURATION_SCALING;

  if (node_handle_.getParam("allowed_goal_duration_margin", allowed_goal_duration_margin_))
    ROS_WARN_NAMED(name_, DEPRECATION_WARNING, "allowed_goal_duration_margin");
  else
    allowed_goal_duration_margin_ = DEFAULT_CONTROLLER_GOAL_DURATION_MARGIN;

  // load controller-specific values for allowed_execution_duration_scaling and allowed_goal_duration_margin
  loadControllerParams();

  // load the controller manager plugin
  try
  {
    controller_manager_loader_.reset(new pluginlib::ClassLoader<moveit_controller_manager::MoveItControllerManager>(
        "moveit_core", "moveit_controller_manager::MoveItControllerManager"));
  }
  catch (pluginlib::PluginlibException& ex)
  {
    ROS_FATAL_STREAM_NAMED(name_, "Exception while creating controller manager plugin loader: " << ex.what());
    return;
  }

  if (controller_manager_loader_)
  {
    std::string controller;
    if (!node_handle_.getParam("moveit_controller_manager", controller))
    {
      const std::vector<std::string>& classes = controller_manager_loader_->getDeclaredClasses();
      if (classes.size() == 1)
      {
        controller = classes[0];
        ROS_WARN_NAMED(name_, "Parameter '~moveit_controller_manager' is not specified but only one "
                              "matching plugin was found: '%s'. Using that one.",
                       controller.c_str());
      }
      else
        ROS_FATAL_NAMED(name_, "Parameter '~moveit_controller_manager' not specified. This is needed to "
                               "identify the plugin to use for interacting with controllers. No paths can "
                               "be executed.");
    }

    if (!controller.empty())
      try
      {
        controller_manager_.reset(controller_manager_loader_->createUnmanagedInstance(controller));
      }
      catch (pluginlib::PluginlibException& ex)
      {
        ROS_FATAL_STREAM_NAMED(name_, "Exception while loading controller manager '" << controller
                                                                                     << "': " << ex.what());
      }
  }

  // other configuration steps
  reloadControllerInformation();

  event_topic_subscriber_ =
      root_node_handle_.subscribe(EXECUTION_EVENT_TOPIC, 100, &TrajectoryExecutionManager::receiveEvent, this);

  reconfigure_impl_ = new DynamicReconfigureImpl(this);

  if (manage_controllers_)
    ROS_INFO_NAMED(name_, "Trajectory execution is managing controllers");
  else
    ROS_INFO_NAMED(name_, "Trajectory execution is not managing controllers");
}

void TrajectoryExecutionManager::enableExecutionDurationMonitoring(bool flag)
{
  execution_duration_monitoring_ = flag;
}

void TrajectoryExecutionManager::setAllowedExecutionDurationScaling(double scaling)
{
  allowed_execution_duration_scaling_ = scaling;
}

void TrajectoryExecutionManager::setAllowedGoalDurationMargin(double margin)
{
  allowed_goal_duration_margin_ = margin;
}

void TrajectoryExecutionManager::setExecutionVelocityScaling(double scaling)
{
  execution_velocity_scaling_ = scaling;
}

void TrajectoryExecutionManager::setAllowedStartTolerance(double tolerance)
{
  allowed_start_tolerance_ = tolerance;
}

void TrajectoryExecutionManager::setWaitForTrajectoryCompletion(bool flag)
{
  wait_for_trajectory_completion_ = flag;
}

bool TrajectoryExecutionManager::isManagingControllers() const
{
  return manage_controllers_;
}

const moveit_controller_manager::MoveItControllerManagerPtr& TrajectoryExecutionManager::getControllerManager() const
{
  return controller_manager_;
}

void TrajectoryExecutionManager::processEvent(const std::string& event)
{
  if (event == "stop")
    stopExecution(true);
  else
    ROS_WARN_STREAM_NAMED(name_, "Unknown event type: '" << event << "'");
}

void TrajectoryExecutionManager::receiveEvent(const std_msgs::StringConstPtr& event)
{
  ROS_INFO_STREAM_NAMED(name_, "Received event '" << event->data << "'");
  processEvent(event->data);
}

bool TrajectoryExecutionManager::push(const moveit_msgs::RobotTrajectory& trajectory, const std::string& controller)
{
  if (controller.empty())
    return push(trajectory, std::vector<std::string>());
  else
    return push(trajectory, std::vector<std::string>(1, controller));
}

bool TrajectoryExecutionManager::push(const trajectory_msgs::JointTrajectory& trajectory, const std::string& controller)
{
  if (controller.empty())
    return push(trajectory, std::vector<std::string>());
  else
    return push(trajectory, std::vector<std::string>(1, controller));
}

bool TrajectoryExecutionManager::push(const trajectory_msgs::JointTrajectory& trajectory,
                                      const std::vector<std::string>& controllers)
{
  moveit_msgs::RobotTrajectory traj;
  traj.joint_trajectory = trajectory;
  return push(traj, controllers);
}

bool TrajectoryExecutionManager::push(const moveit_msgs::RobotTrajectory& trajectory,
                                      const std::vector<std::string>& controllers)
{
  if (!execution_complete_)
  {
    ROS_ERROR_NAMED(name_, "Cannot push a new trajectory while another is being executed");
    return false;
  }

  TrajectoryExecutionContext* context = new TrajectoryExecutionContext();
  if (configure(*context, trajectory, controllers))
  {
    if (verbose_)
    {
      std::stringstream ss;
      ss << "Pushed trajectory for execution using controllers [ ";
      for (std::size_t i = 0; i < context->controllers_.size(); ++i)
        ss << context->controllers_[i] << " ";
      ss << "]:" << std::endl;
      for (std::size_t i = 0; i < context->trajectory_parts_.size(); ++i)
        ss << context->trajectory_parts_[i] << std::endl;
      ROS_INFO_NAMED(name_, "%s", ss.str().c_str());
    }
    trajectories_.push_back(context);
    return true;
  }
  else
  {
    delete context;
    last_execution_status_ = moveit_controller_manager::ExecutionStatus::ABORTED;
  }

  return false;
}

bool TrajectoryExecutionManager::pushAndExecute(const moveit_msgs::RobotTrajectory& trajectory,
                                                const std::string& controller)
{
  if (controller.empty())
    return pushAndExecute(trajectory, std::vector<std::string>());
  else
    return pushAndExecute(trajectory, std::vector<std::string>(1, controller));
}

bool TrajectoryExecutionManager::pushAndExecute(const trajectory_msgs::JointTrajectory& trajectory,
                                                const std::string& controller)
{
  if (controller.empty())
    return pushAndExecute(trajectory, std::vector<std::string>());
  else
    return pushAndExecute(trajectory, std::vector<std::string>(1, controller));
}

bool TrajectoryExecutionManager::pushAndExecute(const sensor_msgs::JointState& state, const std::string& controller)
{
  if (controller.empty())
    return pushAndExecute(state, std::vector<std::string>());
  else
    return pushAndExecute(state, std::vector<std::string>(1, controller));
}

bool TrajectoryExecutionManager::pushAndExecute(const trajectory_msgs::JointTrajectory& trajectory,
                                                const std::vector<std::string>& controllers)
{
  moveit_msgs::RobotTrajectory traj;
  traj.joint_trajectory = trajectory;
  return pushAndExecute(traj, controllers);
}

bool TrajectoryExecutionManager::pushAndExecute(const sensor_msgs::JointState& state,
                                                const std::vector<std::string>& controllers)
{
  moveit_msgs::RobotTrajectory traj;
  traj.joint_trajectory.header = state.header;
  traj.joint_trajectory.joint_names = state.name;
  traj.joint_trajectory.points.resize(1);
  traj.joint_trajectory.points[0].positions = state.position;
  traj.joint_trajectory.points[0].velocities = state.velocity;
  traj.joint_trajectory.points[0].effort = state.effort;
  traj.joint_trajectory.points[0].time_from_start = ros::Duration(0, 0);
  return pushAndExecute(traj, controllers);
}

bool TrajectoryExecutionManager::pushAndExecute(const moveit_msgs::RobotTrajectory& trajectory,
                                                const std::vector<std::string>& controllers)
{
  if (!execution_complete_)
  {
    ROS_ERROR_NAMED(name_, "Cannot push & execute a new trajectory while another is being executed");
    return false;
  }

  TrajectoryExecutionContext* context = new TrajectoryExecutionContext();
  if (configure(*context, trajectory, controllers))
  {
    {
      boost::mutex::scoped_lock slock(continuous_execution_mutex_);
      continuous_execution_queue_.push_back(context);
      if (!continuous_execution_thread_)
        continuous_execution_thread_.reset(
            new boost::thread(boost::bind(&TrajectoryExecutionManager::continuousExecutionThread, this)));
    }
    last_execution_status_ = moveit_controller_manager::ExecutionStatus::SUCCEEDED;
    continuous_execution_condition_.notify_all();
    return true;
  }
  else
  {
    delete context;
    last_execution_status_ = moveit_controller_manager::ExecutionStatus::ABORTED;
    return false;
  }
}

void TrajectoryExecutionManager::continuousExecutionThread()
{
  std::set<moveit_controller_manager::MoveItControllerHandlePtr> used_handles;
  while (run_continuous_execution_thread_)
  {
    if (!stop_continuous_execution_)
    {
      boost::unique_lock<boost::mutex> ulock(continuous_execution_mutex_);
      while (continuous_execution_queue_.empty() && run_continuous_execution_thread_ && !stop_continuous_execution_)
        continuous_execution_condition_.wait(ulock);
    }

    if (stop_continuous_execution_ || !run_continuous_execution_thread_)
    {
      for (std::set<moveit_controller_manager::MoveItControllerHandlePtr>::iterator uit = used_handles.begin();
           uit != used_handles.end(); ++uit)
        if ((*uit)->getLastExecutionStatus() == moveit_controller_manager::ExecutionStatus::RUNNING)
          (*uit)->cancelExecution();
      used_handles.clear();
      while (!continuous_execution_queue_.empty())
      {
        TrajectoryExecutionContext* context = continuous_execution_queue_.front();
        continuous_execution_queue_.pop_front();
        delete context;
      }
      stop_continuous_execution_ = false;
      continue;
    }

    while (!continuous_execution_queue_.empty())
    {
      TrajectoryExecutionContext* context = NULL;
      {
        boost::mutex::scoped_lock slock(continuous_execution_mutex_);
        if (continuous_execution_queue_.empty())
          break;
        context = continuous_execution_queue_.front();
        continuous_execution_queue_.pop_front();
        if (continuous_execution_queue_.empty())
          continuous_execution_condition_.notify_all();
      }

      // remove handles we no longer need
      std::set<moveit_controller_manager::MoveItControllerHandlePtr>::iterator uit = used_handles.begin();
      while (uit != used_handles.end())
        if ((*uit)->getLastExecutionStatus() != moveit_controller_manager::ExecutionStatus::RUNNING)
        {
          std::set<moveit_controller_manager::MoveItControllerHandlePtr>::iterator toErase = uit;
          ++uit;
          used_handles.erase(toErase);
        }
        else
          ++uit;

      // now send stuff to controllers

      // first make sure desired controllers are active
      if (areControllersActive(context->controllers_))
      {
        // get the controller handles needed to execute the new trajectory
        std::vector<moveit_controller_manager::MoveItControllerHandlePtr> handles(context->controllers_.size());
        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < context->controllers_.size(); ++i)
        {
          moveit_controller_manager::MoveItControllerHandlePtr h;
          try
          {
            h = controller_manager_->getControllerHandle(context->controllers_[i]);
          }
          catch (std::exception& ex)
          {
            ROS_ERROR_NAMED(name_, "%s caught when retrieving controller handle", ex.what());
          }
          if (!h)
          {
            last_execution_status_ = moveit_controller_manager::ExecutionStatus::ABORTED;
            ROS_ERROR_NAMED(name_, "No controller handle for controller '%s'. Aborting.",
                            context->controllers_[i].c_str());
            handles.clear();
            break;
          }
          handles[i] = h;
        }

        if (stop_continuous_execution_ || !run_continuous_execution_thread_)
        {
          delete context;
          break;
        }

        // push all trajectories to all controllers simultaneously
        if (!handles.empty())
          for (std::size_t i = 0; i < context->trajectory_parts_.size(); ++i)
          {
            bool ok = false;
            try
            {
              ok = handles[i]->sendTrajectory(context->trajectory_parts_[i]);
            }
            catch (std::exception& ex)
            {
              ROS_ERROR_NAMED(name_, "Caught %s when sending trajectory to controller", ex.what());
            }
            if (!ok)
            {
              for (std::size_t j = 0; j < i; ++j)
                try
                {
                  handles[j]->cancelExecution();
                }
                catch (std::exception& ex)
                {
                  ROS_ERROR_NAMED(name_, "Caught %s when canceling execution", ex.what());
                }
              ROS_ERROR_NAMED(name_, "Failed to send trajectory part %zu of %zu to controller %s", i + 1,
                              context->trajectory_parts_.size(), handles[i]->getName().c_str());
              if (i > 0)
                ROS_ERROR_NAMED(name_, "Cancelling previously sent trajectory parts");
              last_execution_status_ = moveit_controller_manager::ExecutionStatus::ABORTED;
              handles.clear();
              break;
            }
          }
        delete context;

        // remember which handles we used
        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < handles.size(); ++i)
          used_handles.insert(handles[i]);
      }
      else
      {
        ROS_ERROR_NAMED(name_, "Not all needed controllers are active. Cannot push and execute. You can try "
                               "calling ensureActiveControllers() before pushAndExecute()");
        last_execution_status_ = moveit_controller_manager::ExecutionStatus::ABORTED;
        delete context;
      }
    }
  }
}

void TrajectoryExecutionManager::reloadControllerInformation()
{
  known_controllers_.clear();
  if (controller_manager_)
  {
    std::vector<std::string> names;
    controller_manager_->getControllersList(names);
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < names.size(); ++i)
    {
      std::vector<std::string> joints;
      controller_manager_->getControllerJoints(names[i], joints);
      ControllerInformation ci;
      ci.name_ = names[i];
      ci.joints_.insert(joints.begin(), joints.end());
      known_controllers_[ci.name_] = ci;
    }

    for (std::map<std::string, ControllerInformation>::iterator it = known_controllers_.begin();
         it != known_controllers_.end(); ++it)
      for (std::map<std::string, ControllerInformation>::iterator jt = known_controllers_.begin();
           jt != known_controllers_.end(); ++jt)
        if (it != jt)
        {
          std::vector<std::string> intersect;
          std::set_intersection(it->second.joints_.begin(), it->second.joints_.end(), jt->second.joints_.begin(),
                                jt->second.joints_.end(), std::back_inserter(intersect));
          if (!intersect.empty())
          {
            it->second.overlapping_controllers_.insert(jt->first);
            jt->second.overlapping_controllers_.insert(it->first);
          }
        }
  }
}

void TrajectoryExecutionManager::updateControllerState(const std::string& controller, const ros::Duration& age)
{
  std::map<std::string, ControllerInformation>::iterator it = known_controllers_.find(controller);
  if (it != known_controllers_.end())
    updateControllerState(it->second, age);
  else
    ROS_ERROR_NAMED(name_, "Controller '%s' is not known.", controller.c_str());
}

void TrajectoryExecutionManager::updateControllerState(ControllerInformation& ci, const ros::Duration& age)
{
  if (ros::Time::now() - ci.last_update_ >= age)
  {
    if (controller_manager_)
    {
      if (verbose_)
        ROS_INFO_NAMED(name_, "Updating information for controller '%s'.", ci.name_.c_str());
      ci.state_ = controller_manager_->getControllerState(ci.name_);
      ci.last_update_ = ros::Time::now();
    }
  }
  else if (verbose_)
    ROS_INFO_NAMED(name_, "Information for controller '%s' is assumed to be up to date.", ci.name_.c_str());
}

void TrajectoryExecutionManager::updateControllersState(const ros::Duration& age)
{
  for (std::map<std::string, ControllerInformation>::iterator it = known_controllers_.begin();
       it != known_controllers_.end(); ++it)
    updateControllerState(it->second, age);
}

bool TrajectoryExecutionManager::checkControllerCombination(std::vector<std::string>& selected,
                                                            const std::set<std::string>& actuated_joints)
{
  std::set<std::string> combined_joints;
  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < selected.size(); ++i)
  {
    const ControllerInformation& ci = known_controllers_[selected[i]];
    combined_joints.insert(ci.joints_.begin(), ci.joints_.end());
  }

  if (verbose_)
  {
    std::stringstream ss, saj, sac;
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < selected.size(); ++i)
      ss << selected[i] << " ";
    for (std::set<std::string>::const_iterator it = actuated_joints.begin(); it != actuated_joints.end(); ++it)
      saj << *it << " ";
    for (std::set<std::string>::const_iterator it = combined_joints.begin(); it != combined_joints.end(); ++it)
      sac << *it << " ";
    ROS_INFO_NAMED(name_, "Checking if controllers [ %s] operating on joints [ %s] cover joints [ %s]",
                   ss.str().c_str(), sac.str().c_str(), saj.str().c_str());
  }

  return std::includes(combined_joints.begin(), combined_joints.end(), actuated_joints.begin(), actuated_joints.end());
}

void TrajectoryExecutionManager::generateControllerCombination(std::size_t start_index, std::size_t controller_count,
                                                               const std::vector<std::string>& available_controllers,
                                                               std::vector<std::string>& selected_controllers,
                                                               std::vector<std::vector<std::string> >& selected_options,
                                                               const std::set<std::string>& actuated_joints)
{
  if (selected_controllers.size() == controller_count)
  {
    if (checkControllerCombination(selected_controllers, actuated_joints))
      selected_options.push_back(selected_controllers);
    return;
  }

  for (std::size_t i = start_index; i < available_controllers.size(); ++i)
  {
    bool overlap = false;
    const ControllerInformation& ci = known_controllers_[available_controllers[i]];
    for (std::size_t j = 0; j < selected_controllers.size() && !overlap; ++j)
    {
      if (ci.overlapping_controllers_.find(selected_controllers[j]) != ci.overlapping_controllers_.end())
        overlap = true;
    }
    if (overlap)
      continue;
    selected_controllers.push_back(available_controllers[i]);
    generateControllerCombination(i + 1, controller_count, available_controllers, selected_controllers,
                                  selected_options, actuated_joints);
    selected_controllers.pop_back();
  }
}

namespace
{
struct OrderPotentialControllerCombination
{
  bool operator()(const std::size_t a, const std::size_t b) const
  {
    // preference is given to controllers marked as default
    if (nrdefault[a] > nrdefault[b])
      return true;
    if (nrdefault[a] < nrdefault[b])
      return false;

    // and then to ones that operate on fewer joints
    if (nrjoints[a] < nrjoints[b])
      return true;
    if (nrjoints[a] > nrjoints[b])
      return false;

    // and then to active ones
    if (nractive[a] < nractive[b])
      return true;
    if (nractive[a] > nractive[b])
      return false;

    return false;
  }

  std::vector<std::vector<std::string> > selected_options;
  std::vector<std::size_t> nrdefault;
  std::vector<std::size_t> nrjoints;
  std::vector<std::size_t> nractive;
};
}

bool TrajectoryExecutionManager::findControllers(const std::set<std::string>& actuated_joints,
                                                 std::size_t controller_count,
                                                 const std::vector<std::string>& available_controllers,
                                                 std::vector<std::string>& selected_controllers)
{
  // generate all combinations of controller_count controllers that operate on disjoint sets of joints
  std::vector<std::string> work_area;
  OrderPotentialControllerCombination order;
  std::vector<std::vector<std::string> >& selected_options = order.selected_options;
  generateControllerCombination(0, controller_count, available_controllers, work_area, selected_options,
                                actuated_joints);

  if (verbose_)
  {
    std::stringstream saj;
    std::stringstream sac;
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < available_controllers.size(); ++i)
      sac << available_controllers[i] << " ";
    for (std::set<std::string>::const_iterator it = actuated_joints.begin(); it != actuated_joints.end(); ++it)
      saj << *it << " ";
    ROS_INFO_NAMED(name_, "Looking for %zu controllers among [ %s] that cover joints [ %s]. Found %zd options.",
                   controller_count, sac.str().c_str(), saj.str().c_str(), selected_options.size());
  }

  // if none was found, this is a problem
  if (selected_options.empty())
    return false;

  // if only one was found, return it
  if (selected_options.size() == 1)
  {
    selected_controllers.swap(selected_options[0]);
    return true;
  }

  // if more options were found, evaluate them all and return the best one

  // count how many default controllers are used in each reported option, and how many joints are actuated in total by
  // the selected controllers,
  // to use that in the ranking of the options
  order.nrdefault.resize(selected_options.size(), 0);
  order.nrjoints.resize(selected_options.size(), 0);
  order.nractive.resize(selected_options.size(), 0);
  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < selected_options.size(); ++i)
  {
    for (std::size_t k = 0; k < selected_options[i].size(); ++k)
    {
      updateControllerState(selected_options[i][k], DEFAULT_CONTROLLER_INFORMATION_VALIDITY_AGE);
      const ControllerInformation& ci = known_controllers_[selected_options[i][k]];

      if (ci.state_.default_)
        order.nrdefault[i]++;
      if (ci.state_.active_)
        order.nractive[i]++;
      order.nrjoints[i] += ci.joints_.size();
    }
  }

  // define a bijection to compute the raking of the found options
  std::vector<std::size_t> bijection(selected_options.size(), 0);
  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < selected_options.size(); ++i)
    bijection[i] = i;

  // sort the options
  std::sort(bijection.begin(), bijection.end(), order);

  // depending on whether we are allowed to load & unload controllers,
  // we have different preference on deciding between options
  if (!manage_controllers_)
  {
    // if we can't load different options at will, just choose one that is already loaded
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < selected_options.size(); ++i)
      if (areControllersActive(selected_options[bijection[i]]))
      {
        selected_controllers.swap(selected_options[bijection[i]]);
        return true;
      }
  }

  // otherwise, just use the first valid option
  selected_controllers.swap(selected_options[bijection[0]]);
  return true;
}

bool TrajectoryExecutionManager::isControllerActive(const std::string& controller)
{
  return areControllersActive(std::vector<std::string>(1, controller));
}

bool TrajectoryExecutionManager::areControllersActive(const std::vector<std::string>& controllers)
{
  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < controllers.size(); ++i)
  {
    updateControllerState(controllers[i], DEFAULT_CONTROLLER_INFORMATION_VALIDITY_AGE);
    std::map<std::string, ControllerInformation>::iterator it = known_controllers_.find(controllers[i]);
    if (it == known_controllers_.end() || !it->second.state_.active_)
      return false;
  }
  return true;
}

bool TrajectoryExecutionManager::selectControllers(const std::set<std::string>& actuated_joints,
                                                   const std::vector<std::string>& available_controllers,
                                                   std::vector<std::string>& selected_controllers)
{
  for (std::size_t i = 1; i <= available_controllers.size(); ++i)
    if (findControllers(actuated_joints, i, available_controllers, selected_controllers))
    {
      // if we are not managing controllers, prefer to use active controllers even if there are more of them
      if (!manage_controllers_ && !areControllersActive(selected_controllers))
      {
        std::vector<std::string> other_option;
        for (std::size_t j = i + 1; j <= available_controllers.size(); ++j)
          if (findControllers(actuated_joints, j, available_controllers, other_option))
          {
            if (areControllersActive(other_option))
            {
              selected_controllers = other_option;
              break;
            }
          }
      }
      return true;
    }
  return false;
}

bool TrajectoryExecutionManager::distributeTrajectory(const moveit_msgs::RobotTrajectory& trajectory,
                                                      const std::vector<std::string>& controllers,
                                                      std::vector<moveit_msgs::RobotTrajectory>& parts)
{
  parts.clear();
  parts.resize(controllers.size());

  std::set<std::string> actuated_joints_mdof;
  actuated_joints_mdof.insert(trajectory.multi_dof_joint_trajectory.joint_names.begin(),
                              trajectory.multi_dof_joint_trajectory.joint_names.end());
  std::set<std::string> actuated_joints_single;
  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < trajectory.joint_trajectory.joint_names.size(); ++i)
  {
    const robot_model::JointModel* jm = robot_model_->getJointModel(trajectory.joint_trajectory.joint_names[i]);
    if (jm)
    {
      if (jm->isPassive() || jm->getMimic() != NULL || jm->getType() == robot_model::JointModel::FIXED)
        continue;
      actuated_joints_single.insert(jm->getName());
    }
  }

  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < controllers.size(); ++i)
  {
    std::map<std::string, ControllerInformation>::iterator it = known_controllers_.find(controllers[i]);
    if (it == known_controllers_.end())
    {
      ROS_ERROR_STREAM_NAMED(name_, "Controller " << controllers[i] << " not found.");
      return false;
    }
    std::vector<std::string> intersect_mdof;
    std::set_intersection(it->second.joints_.begin(), it->second.joints_.end(), actuated_joints_mdof.begin(),
                          actuated_joints_mdof.end(), std::back_inserter(intersect_mdof));
    std::vector<std::string> intersect_single;
    std::set_intersection(it->second.joints_.begin(), it->second.joints_.end(), actuated_joints_single.begin(),
                          actuated_joints_single.end(), std::back_inserter(intersect_single));
    if (intersect_mdof.empty() && intersect_single.empty())
      ROS_WARN_STREAM_NAMED(name_, "No joints to be distributed for controller " << controllers[i]);
    {
      if (!intersect_mdof.empty())
      {
        std::vector<std::string>& jnames = parts[i].multi_dof_joint_trajectory.joint_names;
        jnames.insert(jnames.end(), intersect_mdof.begin(), intersect_mdof.end());
        std::map<std::string, std::size_t> index;
        for (std::size_t j = 0; j < trajectory.multi_dof_joint_trajectory.joint_names.size(); ++j)
          index[trajectory.multi_dof_joint_trajectory.joint_names[j]] = j;
        std::vector<std::size_t> bijection(jnames.size());
        for (std::size_t j = 0; j < jnames.size(); ++j)
          bijection[j] = index[jnames[j]];

        parts[i].multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points.resize(trajectory.multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points.size());
        for (std::size_t j = 0; j < trajectory.multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points.size(); ++j)
        {
          parts[i].multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points[j].time_from_start =
              trajectory.multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points[j].time_from_start;
          parts[i].multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points[j].transforms.resize(bijection.size());
          for (std::size_t k = 0; k < bijection.size(); ++k)
          {
            parts[i].multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points[j].transforms[k] =
                trajectory.multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points[j].transforms[bijection[k]];

            if (!trajectory.multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points[j].velocities.empty())
            {
              parts[i].multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points[j].velocities.resize(bijection.size());

              parts[i].multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points[j].velocities[0].linear.x =
                  trajectory.multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points[j].velocities[0].linear.x * execution_velocity_scaling_;

              parts[i].multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points[j].velocities[0].linear.y =
                  trajectory.multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points[j].velocities[0].linear.y * execution_velocity_scaling_;

              parts[i].multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points[j].velocities[0].linear.z =
                  trajectory.multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points[j].velocities[0].linear.z * execution_velocity_scaling_;

              parts[i].multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points[j].velocities[0].angular.x =
                  trajectory.multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points[j].velocities[0].angular.x * execution_velocity_scaling_;

              parts[i].multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points[j].velocities[0].angular.y =
                  trajectory.multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points[j].velocities[0].angular.y * execution_velocity_scaling_;

              parts[i].multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points[j].velocities[0].angular.z =
                  trajectory.multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points[j].velocities[0].angular.z * execution_velocity_scaling_;
            }
          }
        }
      }
      if (!intersect_single.empty())
      {
        std::vector<std::string>& jnames = parts[i].joint_trajectory.joint_names;
        jnames.insert(jnames.end(), intersect_single.begin(), intersect_single.end());
        parts[i].joint_trajectory.header = trajectory.joint_trajectory.header;
        std::map<std::string, std::size_t> index;
        for (std::size_t j = 0; j < trajectory.joint_trajectory.joint_names.size(); ++j)
          index[trajectory.joint_trajectory.joint_names[j]] = j;
        std::vector<std::size_t> bijection(jnames.size());
        for (std::size_t j = 0; j < jnames.size(); ++j)
          bijection[j] = index[jnames[j]];
        parts[i].joint_trajectory.points.resize(trajectory.joint_trajectory.points.size());
        for (std::size_t j = 0; j < trajectory.joint_trajectory.points.size(); ++j)
        {
          parts[i].joint_trajectory.points[j].time_from_start = trajectory.joint_trajectory.points[j].time_from_start;
          if (!trajectory.joint_trajectory.points[j].positions.empty())
          {
            parts[i].joint_trajectory.points[j].positions.resize(bijection.size());
            for (std::size_t k = 0; k < bijection.size(); ++k)
              parts[i].joint_trajectory.points[j].positions[k] =
                  trajectory.joint_trajectory.points[j].positions[bijection[k]];
          }
          if (!trajectory.joint_trajectory.points[j].velocities.empty())
          {
            parts[i].joint_trajectory.points[j].velocities.resize(bijection.size());
            for (std::size_t k = 0; k < bijection.size(); ++k)
              parts[i].joint_trajectory.points[j].velocities[k] =
                  trajectory.joint_trajectory.points[j].velocities[bijection[k]] * execution_velocity_scaling_;
          }
          if (!trajectory.joint_trajectory.points[j].accelerations.empty())
          {
            parts[i].joint_trajectory.points[j].accelerations.resize(bijection.size());
            for (std::size_t k = 0; k < bijection.size(); ++k)
              parts[i].joint_trajectory.points[j].accelerations[k] =
                  trajectory.joint_trajectory.points[j].accelerations[bijection[k]];
          }
          if (!trajectory.joint_trajectory.points[j].effort.empty())
          {
            parts[i].joint_trajectory.points[j].effort.resize(bijection.size());
            for (std::size_t k = 0; k < bijection.size(); ++k)
              parts[i].joint_trajectory.points[j].effort[k] =
                  trajectory.joint_trajectory.points[j].effort[bijection[k]];
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return true;
}

bool TrajectoryExecutionManager::validate(const TrajectoryExecutionContext& context) const
{
  if (allowed_start_tolerance_ == 0)  // skip validation on this magic number
    return true;

  ROS_DEBUG_NAMED(name_, "Validating trajectory with allowed_start_tolerance %g", allowed_start_tolerance_);

  robot_state::RobotStatePtr current_state;
  if (!csm_->waitForCurrentState(ros::Time::now()) || !(current_state = csm_->getCurrentState()))
  {
    ROS_WARN_NAMED(name_, "Failed to validate trajectory: couldn't receive full current joint state within 1s");
    return false;
  }

  for (const auto& trajectory : context.trajectory_parts_)
  {
    if (!trajectory.joint_trajectory.points.empty())
    {
      // Check single-dof trajectory
      const std::vector<double>& positions = trajectory.joint_trajectory.points.front().positions;
      const std::vector<std::string>& joint_names = trajectory.joint_trajectory.joint_names;
      if (positions.size() != joint_names.size())
      {
        ROS_ERROR_NAMED(name_, "Wrong trajectory: #joints: %zu != #positions: %zu", joint_names.size(),
                        positions.size());
        return false;
      }

      for (std::size_t i = 0, end = joint_names.size(); i < end; ++i)
      {
        const robot_model::JointModel* jm = current_state->getJointModel(joint_names[i]);
        if (!jm)
        {
          ROS_ERROR_STREAM_NAMED(name_, "Unknown joint in trajectory: " << joint_names[i]);
          return false;
        }

        double cur_position = current_state->getJointPositions(jm)[0];
        double traj_position = positions[i];
        // normalize positions and compare
        jm->enforcePositionBounds(&cur_position);
        jm->enforcePositionBounds(&traj_position);
        if (jm->distance(&cur_position, &traj_position) > allowed_start_tolerance_)
        {
          ROS_ERROR_NAMED(name_, "\nInvalid Trajectory: start point deviates from current robot state more than %g"
                                 "\njoint '%s': expected: %g, current: %g",
                          allowed_start_tolerance_, joint_names[i].c_str(), traj_position, cur_position);
          return false;
        }
      }
    }
    if (!trajectory.multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points.empty())
    {
      // Check multi-dof trajectory
      const std::vector<geometry_msgs::Transform>& transforms =
          trajectory.multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points.front().transforms;
      const std::vector<std::string>& joint_names = trajectory.multi_dof_joint_trajectory.joint_names;
      if (transforms.size() != joint_names.size())
      {
        ROS_ERROR_NAMED(name_, "Wrong trajectory: #joints: %zu != #transforms: %zu", joint_names.size(),
                        transforms.size());
        return false;
      }

      for (std::size_t i = 0, end = joint_names.size(); i < end; ++i)
      {
        const robot_model::JointModel* jm = current_state->getJointModel(joint_names[i]);
        if (!jm)
        {
          ROS_ERROR_STREAM_NAMED(name_, "Unknown joint in trajectory: " << joint_names[i]);
          return false;
        }

        // compute difference (offset vector and rotation angle) between current transform
        // and start transform in trajectory
        Eigen::Affine3d cur_transform, start_transform;
        jm->computeTransform(current_state->getJointPositions(jm), cur_transform);
        tf::transformMsgToEigen(transforms[i], start_transform);
        Eigen::Vector3d offset = cur_transform.translation() - start_transform.translation();
        Eigen::AngleAxisd rotation;
        rotation.fromRotationMatrix(cur_transform.linear().transpose() * start_transform.linear());
        if ((offset.array() > allowed_start_tolerance_).any() || rotation.angle() > allowed_start_tolerance_)
        {
          ROS_ERROR_STREAM_NAMED(name_, "\nInvalid Trajectory: start point deviates from current robot state more than "
                                            << allowed_start_tolerance_ << "\nmulti-dof joint '" << joint_names[i]
                                            << "': pos delta: " << offset.transpose()
                                            << " rot delta: " << rotation.angle());
          return false;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return true;
}

bool TrajectoryExecutionManager::configure(TrajectoryExecutionContext& context,
                                           const moveit_msgs::RobotTrajectory& trajectory,
                                           const std::vector<std::string>& controllers)
{
  if (trajectory.multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points.empty() && trajectory.joint_trajectory.points.empty())
  {
    // empty trajectories don't need to configure anything
    return true;
  }
  std::set<std::string> actuated_joints;

  auto isActuated = [this](const std::string& joint_name) -> bool {
    const robot_model::JointModel* jm = robot_model_->getJointModel(joint_name);
    return (jm && !jm->isPassive() && !jm->getMimic() && jm->getType() != robot_model::JointModel::FIXED);
  };
  for (const std::string& joint_name : trajectory.multi_dof_joint_trajectory.joint_names)
    if (isActuated(joint_name))
      actuated_joints.insert(joint_name);
  for (const std::string& joint_name : trajectory.joint_trajectory.joint_names)
    if (isActuated(joint_name))
      actuated_joints.insert(joint_name);

  if (actuated_joints.empty())
  {
    ROS_WARN_NAMED(name_, "The trajectory to execute specifies no joints");
    return false;
  }

  if (controllers.empty())
  {
    bool retry = true;
    bool reloaded = false;
    while (retry)
    {
      retry = false;
      std::vector<std::string> all_controller_names;
      for (std::map<std::string, ControllerInformation>::const_iterator it = known_controllers_.begin();
           it != known_controllers_.end(); ++it)
        all_controller_names.push_back(it->first);
      if (selectControllers(actuated_joints, all_controller_names, context.controllers_))
      {
        if (distributeTrajectory(trajectory, context.controllers_, context.trajectory_parts_))
          return true;
      }
      else
      {
        // maybe we failed because we did not have a complete list of controllers
        if (!reloaded)
        {
          reloadControllerInformation();
          reloaded = true;
          retry = true;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  else
  {
    // check if the specified controllers are valid names;
    // if they appear not to be, try to reload the controller information, just in case they are new in the system
    bool reloaded = false;
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < controllers.size(); ++i)
      if (known_controllers_.find(controllers[i]) == known_controllers_.end())
      {
        reloadControllerInformation();
        reloaded = true;
        break;
      }
    if (reloaded)
      for (std::size_t i = 0; i < controllers.size(); ++i)
        if (known_controllers_.find(controllers[i]) == known_controllers_.end())
        {
          ROS_ERROR_NAMED(name_, "Controller '%s' is not known", controllers[i].c_str());
          return false;
        }
    if (selectControllers(actuated_joints, controllers, context.controllers_))
    {
      if (distributeTrajectory(trajectory, context.controllers_, context.trajectory_parts_))
        return true;
    }
  }
  std::stringstream ss;
  for (std::set<std::string>::const_iterator it = actuated_joints.begin(); it != actuated_joints.end(); ++it)
    ss << *it << " ";
  ROS_ERROR_NAMED(name_, "Unable to identify any set of controllers that can actuate the specified joints: [ %s]",
                  ss.str().c_str());

  std::stringstream ss2;
  std::map<std::string, ControllerInformation>::const_iterator mi;
  for (mi = known_controllers_.begin(); mi != known_controllers_.end(); mi++)
  {
    ss2 << "controller '" << mi->second.name_ << "' controls joints:\n";

    std::set<std::string>::const_iterator ji;
    for (ji = mi->second.joints_.begin(); ji != mi->second.joints_.end(); ji++)
    {
      ss2 << "  " << *ji << std::endl;
    }
  }
  ROS_ERROR_NAMED(name_, "Known controllers and their joints:\n%s", ss2.str().c_str());
  return false;
}

moveit_controller_manager::ExecutionStatus TrajectoryExecutionManager::executeAndWait(bool auto_clear)
{
  execute(ExecutionCompleteCallback(), auto_clear);
  return waitForExecution();
}

void TrajectoryExecutionManager::stopExecutionInternal()
{
  // execution_state_mutex_ needs to have been locked by the caller
  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < active_handles_.size(); ++i)
    try
    {
      active_handles_[i]->cancelExecution();
    }
    catch (std::exception& ex)
    {
      ROS_ERROR_NAMED(name_, "Caught %s when canceling execution.", ex.what());
    }
}

void TrajectoryExecutionManager::stopExecution(bool auto_clear)
{
  stop_continuous_execution_ = true;
  continuous_execution_condition_.notify_all();

  if (!execution_complete_)
  {
    execution_state_mutex_.lock();
    if (!execution_complete_)
    {
      // we call cancel for all active handles; we know these are not being modified as we loop through them because of
      // the lock
      // we mark execution_complete_ as true ahead of time. Using this flag, executePart() will know that an external
      // trigger to stop has been received
      execution_complete_ = true;
      stopExecutionInternal();

      // we set the status here; executePart() will not set status when execution_complete_ is true ahead of time
      last_execution_status_ = moveit_controller_manager::ExecutionStatus::PREEMPTED;
      execution_state_mutex_.unlock();
      ROS_INFO_NAMED(name_, "Stopped trajectory execution.");

      // wait for the execution thread to finish
      execution_thread_->join();
      execution_thread_.reset();

      if (auto_clear)
        clear();
    }
    else
      execution_state_mutex_.unlock();
  }
  else if (execution_thread_)  // just in case we have some thread waiting to be joined from some point in the past, we
                               // join it now
  {
    execution_thread_->join();
    execution_thread_.reset();
  }
}

void TrajectoryExecutionManager::execute(const ExecutionCompleteCallback& callback, bool auto_clear)
{
  execute(callback, PathSegmentCompleteCallback(), auto_clear);
}

void TrajectoryExecutionManager::execute(const ExecutionCompleteCallback& callback,
                                         const PathSegmentCompleteCallback& part_callback, bool auto_clear)
{
  stopExecution(false);

  // check whether first trajectory starts at current robot state
  if (trajectories_.size() && !validate(*trajectories_.front()))
  {
    last_execution_status_ = moveit_controller_manager::ExecutionStatus::ABORTED;
    if (auto_clear)
      clear();
    if (callback)
      callback(last_execution_status_);
    return;
  }

  // start the execution thread
  execution_complete_ = false;
  execution_thread_.reset(
      new boost::thread(&TrajectoryExecutionManager::executeThread, this, callback, part_callback, auto_clear));
}

moveit_controller_manager::ExecutionStatus TrajectoryExecutionManager::waitForExecution()
{
  {
    boost::unique_lock<boost::mutex> ulock(execution_state_mutex_);
    while (!execution_complete_)
      execution_complete_condition_.wait(ulock);
  }
  {
    boost::unique_lock<boost::mutex> ulock(continuous_execution_mutex_);
    while (!continuous_execution_queue_.empty())
      continuous_execution_condition_.wait(ulock);
  }

  // this will join the thread for executing sequences of trajectories
  stopExecution(false);

  return last_execution_status_;
}

void TrajectoryExecutionManager::clear()
{
  if (execution_complete_)
  {
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < trajectories_.size(); ++i)
      delete trajectories_[i];
    trajectories_.clear();
    {
      boost::mutex::scoped_lock slock(continuous_execution_mutex_);
      while (!continuous_execution_queue_.empty())
      {
        delete continuous_execution_queue_.front();
        continuous_execution_queue_.pop_front();
      }
    }
  }
  else
    ROS_ERROR_NAMED(name_, "Cannot push a new trajectory while another is being executed");
}

void TrajectoryExecutionManager::executeThread(const ExecutionCompleteCallback& callback,
                                               const PathSegmentCompleteCallback& part_callback, bool auto_clear)
{
  // if we already got a stop request before we even started anything, we abort
  if (execution_complete_)
  {
    last_execution_status_ = moveit_controller_manager::ExecutionStatus::ABORTED;
    if (callback)
      callback(last_execution_status_);
    return;
  }

  ROS_DEBUG_NAMED(name_, "Starting trajectory execution ...");
  // assume everything will be OK
  last_execution_status_ = moveit_controller_manager::ExecutionStatus::SUCCEEDED;

  // execute each trajectory, one after the other (executePart() is blocking) or until one fails.
  // on failure, the status is set by executePart(). Otherwise, it will remain as set above (success)
  std::size_t i = 0;
  for (; i < trajectories_.size(); ++i)
  {
    bool epart = executePart(i);
    if (epart && part_callback)
      part_callback(i);
    if (!epart || execution_complete_)
    {
      ++i;
      break;
    }
  }

  // only report that execution finished successfully when the robot actually stopped moving
  if (last_execution_status_ == moveit_controller_manager::ExecutionStatus::SUCCEEDED)
    waitForRobotToStop(*trajectories_[i - 1]);

  ROS_INFO_NAMED(name_, "Completed trajectory execution with status %s ...", last_execution_status_.asString().c_str());

  // notify whoever is waiting for the event of trajectory completion
  execution_state_mutex_.lock();
  execution_complete_ = true;
  execution_state_mutex_.unlock();
  execution_complete_condition_.notify_all();

  // clear the paths just executed, if needed
  if (auto_clear)
    clear();

  // call user-specified callback
  if (callback)
    callback(last_execution_status_);
}

bool TrajectoryExecutionManager::executePart(std::size_t part_index)
{
  TrajectoryExecutionContext& context = *trajectories_[part_index];

  // first make sure desired controllers are active
  if (ensureActiveControllers(context.controllers_))
  {
    // stop if we are already asked to do so
    if (execution_complete_)
      return false;

    std::vector<moveit_controller_manager::MoveItControllerHandlePtr> handles;
    {
      boost::mutex::scoped_lock slock(execution_state_mutex_);
      if (!execution_complete_)
      {
        // time indexing uses this member too, so we lock this mutex as well
        time_index_mutex_.lock();
        current_context_ = part_index;
        time_index_mutex_.unlock();
        active_handles_.resize(context.controllers_.size());
        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < context.controllers_.size(); ++i)
        {
          moveit_controller_manager::MoveItControllerHandlePtr h;
          try
          {
            h = controller_manager_->getControllerHandle(context.controllers_[i]);
          }
          catch (std::exception& ex)
          {
            ROS_ERROR_NAMED(name_, "Caught %s when retrieving controller handle", ex.what());
          }
          if (!h)
          {
            active_handles_.clear();
            current_context_ = -1;
            last_execution_status_ = moveit_controller_manager::ExecutionStatus::ABORTED;
            ROS_ERROR_NAMED(name_, "No controller handle for controller '%s'. Aborting.",
                            context.controllers_[i].c_str());
            return false;
          }
          active_handles_[i] = h;
        }
        handles = active_handles_;  // keep a copy for later, to avoid thread safety issues
        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < context.trajectory_parts_.size(); ++i)
        {
          bool ok = false;
          try
          {
            ok = active_handles_[i]->sendTrajectory(context.trajectory_parts_[i]);
          }
          catch (std::exception& ex)
          {
            ROS_ERROR_NAMED(name_, "Caught %s when sending trajectory to controller", ex.what());
          }
          if (!ok)
          {
            for (std::size_t j = 0; j < i; ++j)
              try
              {
                active_handles_[j]->cancelExecution();
              }
              catch (std::exception& ex)
              {
                ROS_ERROR_NAMED(name_, "Caught %s when canceling execution", ex.what());
              }
            ROS_ERROR_NAMED(name_, "Failed to send trajectory part %zu of %zu to controller %s", i + 1,
                            context.trajectory_parts_.size(), active_handles_[i]->getName().c_str());
            if (i > 0)
              ROS_ERROR_NAMED(name_, "Cancelling previously sent trajectory parts");
            active_handles_.clear();
            current_context_ = -1;
            last_execution_status_ = moveit_controller_manager::ExecutionStatus::ABORTED;
            return false;
          }
        }
      }
    }

    // compute the expected duration of the trajectory and find the part of the trajectory that takes longest to execute
    ros::Time current_time = ros::Time::now();
    ros::Duration expected_trajectory_duration(0.0);
    int longest_part = -1;
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < context.trajectory_parts_.size(); ++i)
    {
      ros::Duration d(0.0);
      if (!(context.trajectory_parts_[i].joint_trajectory.points.empty() &&
            context.trajectory_parts_[i].multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points.empty()))
      {
        if (context.trajectory_parts_[i].joint_trajectory.header.stamp > current_time)
          d = context.trajectory_parts_[i].joint_trajectory.header.stamp - current_time;
        if (context.trajectory_parts_[i].multi_dof_joint_trajectory.header.stamp > current_time)
          d = std::max(d, context.trajectory_parts_[i].multi_dof_joint_trajectory.header.stamp - current_time);
        d += std::max(context.trajectory_parts_[i].joint_trajectory.points.empty() ?
                          ros::Duration(0.0) :
                          context.trajectory_parts_[i].joint_trajectory.points.back().time_from_start,
                      context.trajectory_parts_[i].multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points.empty() ?
                          ros::Duration(0.0) :
                          context.trajectory_parts_[i].multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points.back().time_from_start);

        if (longest_part < 0 ||
            std::max(context.trajectory_parts_[i].joint_trajectory.points.size(),
                     context.trajectory_parts_[i].multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points.size()) >
                std::max(context.trajectory_parts_[longest_part].joint_trajectory.points.size(),
                         context.trajectory_parts_[longest_part].multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points.size()))
          longest_part = i;
      }

      // prefer controller-specific values over global ones if defined
      // TODO: the controller-specific parameters are static, but override
      //       the global ones are configurable via dynamic reconfigure
      std::map<std::string, double>::const_iterator scaling_it =
          controller_allowed_execution_duration_scaling_.find(context.controllers_[i]);
      const double current_scaling = scaling_it != controller_allowed_execution_duration_scaling_.end() ?
                                         scaling_it->second :
                                         allowed_execution_duration_scaling_;

      std::map<std::string, double>::const_iterator margin_it =
          controller_allowed_goal_duration_margin_.find(context.controllers_[i]);
      const double current_margin = margin_it != controller_allowed_goal_duration_margin_.end() ?
                                        margin_it->second :
                                        allowed_goal_duration_margin_;

      // expected duration is the duration of the longest part
      expected_trajectory_duration =
          std::max(d * current_scaling + ros::Duration(current_margin), expected_trajectory_duration);
    }

    // construct a map from expected time to state index, for easy access to expected state location
    if (longest_part >= 0)
    {
      boost::mutex::scoped_lock slock(time_index_mutex_);

      if (context.trajectory_parts_[longest_part].joint_trajectory.points.size() >=
          context.trajectory_parts_[longest_part].multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points.size())
      {
        ros::Duration d(0.0);
        if (context.trajectory_parts_[longest_part].joint_trajectory.header.stamp > current_time)
          d = context.trajectory_parts_[longest_part].joint_trajectory.header.stamp - current_time;
        for (std::size_t j = 0; j < context.trajectory_parts_[longest_part].joint_trajectory.points.size(); ++j)
          time_index_.push_back(current_time + d +
                                context.trajectory_parts_[longest_part].joint_trajectory.points[j].time_from_start);
      }
      else
      {
        ros::Duration d(0.0);
        if (context.trajectory_parts_[longest_part].multi_dof_joint_trajectory.header.stamp > current_time)
          d = context.trajectory_parts_[longest_part].multi_dof_joint_trajectory.header.stamp - current_time;
        for (std::size_t j = 0; j < context.trajectory_parts_[longest_part].multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points.size();
             ++j)
          time_index_.push_back(
              current_time + d +
              context.trajectory_parts_[longest_part].multi_dof_joint_trajectory.points[j].time_from_start);
      }
    }

    bool result = true;
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < handles.size(); ++i)
    {
      if (execution_duration_monitoring_)
      {
        if (!handles[i]->waitForExecution(expected_trajectory_duration))
          if (!execution_complete_ && ros::Time::now() - current_time > expected_trajectory_duration)
          {
            ROS_ERROR_NAMED(name_, "Controller is taking too long to execute trajectory (the expected upper "
                                   "bound for the trajectory execution was %lf seconds). Stopping trajectory.",
                            expected_trajectory_duration.toSec());
            {
              boost::mutex::scoped_lock slock(execution_state_mutex_);
              stopExecutionInternal();  // this is really tricky. we can't call stopExecution() here, so we call the
                                        // internal function only
            }
            last_execution_status_ = moveit_controller_manager::ExecutionStatus::TIMED_OUT;
            result = false;
            break;
          }
      }
      else
        handles[i]->waitForExecution();

      // if something made the trajectory stop, we stop this thread too
      if (execution_complete_)
      {
        result = false;
        break;
      }
      else if (handles[i]->getLastExecutionStatus() != moveit_controller_manager::ExecutionStatus::SUCCEEDED)
      {
        ROS_WARN_STREAM_NAMED(name_, "Controller handle " << handles[i]->getName() << " reports status "
                                                          << handles[i]->getLastExecutionStatus().asString());
        last_execution_status_ = handles[i]->getLastExecutionStatus();
        result = false;
      }
    }

    // clear the active handles
    execution_state_mutex_.lock();
    active_handles_.clear();

    // clear the time index
    time_index_mutex_.lock();
    time_index_.clear();
    current_context_ = -1;
    time_index_mutex_.unlock();

    execution_state_mutex_.unlock();
    return result;
  }
  else
  {
    last_execution_status_ = moveit_controller_manager::ExecutionStatus::ABORTED;
    return false;
  }
}

bool TrajectoryExecutionManager::waitForRobotToStop(const TrajectoryExecutionContext& context, double wait_time)
{
  // skip waiting for convergence?
  if (allowed_start_tolerance_ == 0 || !wait_for_trajectory_completion_)
  {
    ROS_DEBUG_NAMED(name_, "Not waiting for trajectory completion");
    return true;
  }

  ros::WallTime start = ros::WallTime::now();
  double time_remaining = wait_time;

  robot_state::RobotStatePtr prev_state, cur_state;
  prev_state = csm_->getCurrentState();
  prev_state->enforceBounds();

  // assume robot stopped when 3 consecutive checks yield the same robot state
  unsigned int no_motion_count = 0;  // count iterations with no motion
  while (time_remaining > 0. && no_motion_count < 3)
  {
    if (!csm_->waitForCurrentState(ros::Time::now(), time_remaining) || !(cur_state = csm_->getCurrentState()))
    {
      ROS_WARN_NAMED(name_, "Failed to receive current joint state");
      return false;
    }
    cur_state->enforceBounds();
    time_remaining = wait_time - (ros::WallTime::now() - start).toSec();  // remaining wait_time

    // check for motion in effected joints of execution context
    bool moved = false;
    for (const auto& trajectory : context.trajectory_parts_)
    {
      const std::vector<std::string>& joint_names = trajectory.joint_trajectory.joint_names;
      const std::size_t n = joint_names.size();

      for (std::size_t i = 0; i < n && !moved; ++i)
      {
        const robot_model::JointModel* jm = cur_state->getJointModel(joint_names[i]);
        if (!jm)
          continue;  // joint vanished from robot state (shouldn't happen), but we don't care

        if (fabs(cur_state->getJointPositions(jm)[0] - prev_state->getJointPositions(jm)[0]) > allowed_start_tolerance_)
        {
          moved = true;
          no_motion_count = 0;
          break;
        }
      }
    }

    if (!moved)
      ++no_motion_count;

    std::swap(prev_state, cur_state);
  }

  return time_remaining > 0;
}

std::pair<int, int> TrajectoryExecutionManager::getCurrentExpectedTrajectoryIndex() const
{
  boost::mutex::scoped_lock slock(time_index_mutex_);
  if (current_context_ < 0)
    return std::make_pair(-1, -1);
  if (time_index_.empty())
    return std::make_pair((int)current_context_, -1);
  std::vector<ros::Time>::const_iterator time_index_it =
      std::lower_bound(time_index_.begin(), time_index_.end(), ros::Time::now());
  int pos = time_index_it - time_index_.begin();
  return std::make_pair((int)current_context_, pos);
}

const std::vector<TrajectoryExecutionManager::TrajectoryExecutionContext*>&
TrajectoryExecutionManager::getTrajectories() const
{
  return trajectories_;
}

moveit_controller_manager::ExecutionStatus TrajectoryExecutionManager::getLastExecutionStatus() const
{
  return last_execution_status_;
}

bool TrajectoryExecutionManager::ensureActiveControllersForGroup(const std::string& group)
{
  const robot_model::JointModelGroup* joint_model_group = robot_model_->getJointModelGroup(group);
  if (joint_model_group)
    return ensureActiveControllersForJoints(joint_model_group->getJointModelNames());
  else
    return false;
}

bool TrajectoryExecutionManager::ensureActiveControllersForJoints(const std::vector<std::string>& joints)
{
  std::vector<std::string> all_controller_names;
  for (std::map<std::string, ControllerInformation>::const_iterator it = known_controllers_.begin();
       it != known_controllers_.end(); ++it)
    all_controller_names.push_back(it->first);
  std::vector<std::string> selected_controllers;
  std::set<std::string> jset;
  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < joints.size(); ++i)
  {
    const robot_model::JointModel* jm = robot_model_->getJointModel(joints[i]);
    if (jm)
    {
      if (jm->isPassive() || jm->getMimic() != NULL || jm->getType() == robot_model::JointModel::FIXED)
        continue;
      jset.insert(joints[i]);
    }
  }

  if (selectControllers(jset, all_controller_names, selected_controllers))
    return ensureActiveControllers(selected_controllers);
  else
    return false;
}

bool TrajectoryExecutionManager::ensureActiveController(const std::string& controller)
{
  return ensureActiveControllers(std::vector<std::string>(1, controller));
}

bool TrajectoryExecutionManager::ensureActiveControllers(const std::vector<std::string>& controllers)
{
  updateControllersState(DEFAULT_CONTROLLER_INFORMATION_VALIDITY_AGE);

  if (manage_controllers_)
  {
    std::vector<std::string> controllers_to_activate;
    std::vector<std::string> controllers_to_deactivate;
    std::set<std::string> joints_to_be_activated;
    std::set<std::string> joints_to_be_deactivated;
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < controllers.size(); ++i)
    {
      std::map<std::string, ControllerInformation>::const_iterator it = known_controllers_.find(controllers[i]);
      if (it == known_controllers_.end())
      {
        ROS_ERROR_STREAM_NAMED(name_, "Controller " << controllers[i] << " is not known");
        return false;
      }
      if (!it->second.state_.active_)
      {
        ROS_DEBUG_STREAM_NAMED(name_, "Need to activate " << controllers[i]);
        controllers_to_activate.push_back(controllers[i]);
        joints_to_be_activated.insert(it->second.joints_.begin(), it->second.joints_.end());
        for (std::set<std::string>::iterator kt = it->second.overlapping_controllers_.begin();
             kt != it->second.overlapping_controllers_.end(); ++kt)
        {
          const ControllerInformation& ci = known_controllers_[*kt];
          if (ci.state_.active_)
          {
            controllers_to_deactivate.push_back(*kt);
            joints_to_be_deactivated.insert(ci.joints_.begin(), ci.joints_.end());
          }
        }
      }
      else
        ROS_DEBUG_STREAM_NAMED(name_, "Controller " << controllers[i] << " is already active");
    }
    std::set<std::string> diff;
    std::set_difference(joints_to_be_deactivated.begin(), joints_to_be_deactivated.end(),
                        joints_to_be_activated.begin(), joints_to_be_activated.end(), std::inserter(diff, diff.end()));
    if (!diff.empty())
    {
      // find the set of controllers that do not overlap with the ones we want to activate so far
      std::vector<std::string> possible_additional_controllers;
      for (std::map<std::string, ControllerInformation>::const_iterator it = known_controllers_.begin();
           it != known_controllers_.end(); ++it)
      {
        bool ok = true;
        for (std::size_t k = 0; k < controllers_to_activate.size(); ++k)
          if (it->second.overlapping_controllers_.find(controllers_to_activate[k]) !=
              it->second.overlapping_controllers_.end())
          {
            ok = false;
            break;
          }
        if (ok)
          possible_additional_controllers.push_back(it->first);
      }

      // out of the allowable controllers, try to find a subset of controllers that covers the joints to be actuated
      std::vector<std::string> additional_controllers;
      if (selectControllers(diff, possible_additional_controllers, additional_controllers))
        controllers_to_activate.insert(controllers_to_activate.end(), additional_controllers.begin(),
                                       additional_controllers.end());
      else
        return false;
    }
    if (!controllers_to_activate.empty() || !controllers_to_deactivate.empty())
    {
      if (controller_manager_)
      {
        // load controllers to be activated, if needed, and reset the state update cache
        for (std::size_t a = 0; a < controllers_to_activate.size(); ++a)
        {
          ControllerInformation& ci = known_controllers_[controllers_to_activate[a]];
          ci.last_update_ = ros::Time();
        }
        // reset the state update cache
        for (std::size_t a = 0; a < controllers_to_deactivate.size(); ++a)
          known_controllers_[controllers_to_deactivate[a]].last_update_ = ros::Time();
        return controller_manager_->switchControllers(controllers_to_activate, controllers_to_deactivate);
      }
      else
        return false;
    }
    else
      return true;
  }
  else
  {
    std::set<std::string> originally_active;
    for (std::map<std::string, ControllerInformation>::const_iterator it = known_controllers_.begin();
         it != known_controllers_.end(); ++it)
      if (it->second.state_.active_)
        originally_active.insert(it->first);
    return std::includes(originally_active.begin(), originally_active.end(), controllers.begin(), controllers.end());
  }
}

void TrajectoryExecutionManager::loadControllerParams()
{
  XmlRpc::XmlRpcValue controller_list;
  if (node_handle_.getParam("controller_list", controller_list) &&
      controller_list.getType() == XmlRpc::XmlRpcValue::TypeArray)
  {
    for (int i = 0; i < controller_list.size(); ++i)
    {
      XmlRpc::XmlRpcValue& controller = controller_list[i];
      if (controller.hasMember("name"))
      {
        if (controller.hasMember("allowed_execution_duration_scaling"))
          controller_allowed_execution_duration_scaling_[std::string(controller["name"])] =
              controller["allowed_execution_duration_scaling"];
        if (controller.hasMember("allowed_goal_duration_margin"))
          controller_allowed_goal_duration_margin_[std::string(controller["name"])] =
              controller["allowed_goal_duration_margin"];
      }
    }
  }
}
}