EpipolarGeometry.cpp

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/*
Copyright (c) 2010-2016, Mathieu Labbe - IntRoLab - Universite de Sherbrooke
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#include "rtabmap/core/EpipolarGeometry.h"
#include "rtabmap/core/Signature.h"
#include "rtabmap/utilite/ULogger.h"
#include "rtabmap/utilite/UTimer.h"
#include "rtabmap/utilite/UStl.h"
#include "rtabmap/utilite/UMath.h"

#include <opencv2/core/core.hpp>
#include <opencv2/core/core_c.h>
#include <opencv2/calib3d/calib3d.hpp>
#include <iostream>

namespace rtabmap
{

// HypVerificatorEpipolarGeo
EpipolarGeometry::EpipolarGeometry(const ParametersMap & parameters) :
        _matchCountMinAccepted(Parameters::defaultVhEpMatchCountMin()),
        _ransacParam1(Parameters::defaultVhEpRansacParam1()),
        _ransacParam2(Parameters::defaultVhEpRansacParam2())
{
        this->parseParameters(parameters);
}

EpipolarGeometry::~EpipolarGeometry() {

}

void EpipolarGeometry::parseParameters(const ParametersMap & parameters)
{
        Parameters::parse(parameters, Parameters::kVhEpMatchCountMin(), _matchCountMinAccepted);
        Parameters::parse(parameters, Parameters::kVhEpRansacParam1(), _ransacParam1);
        Parameters::parse(parameters, Parameters::kVhEpRansacParam2(), _ransacParam2);
}

bool EpipolarGeometry::check(const Signature * ssA, const Signature * ssB)
{
        if(ssA == 0 || ssB == 0)
        {
                return false;
        }
        ULOGGER_DEBUG("id(%d,%d)", ssA->id(), ssB->id());

        std::list<std::pair<int, std::pair<cv::KeyPoint, cv::KeyPoint> > > pairs;

        findPairsUnique(ssA->getWords(), ssB->getWords(), pairs);

        if((int)pairs.size()<_matchCountMinAccepted)
        {
                return false;
        }

        std::vector<uchar> status;
        cv::Mat f = findFFromWords(pairs, status, _ransacParam1, _ransacParam2);

        int inliers = uSum(status);
        if(inliers < _matchCountMinAccepted)
        {
                ULOGGER_DEBUG("Epipolar constraint failed A : not enough inliers (%d/%d), min is %d", inliers, pairs.size(), _matchCountMinAccepted);
                return false;
        }
        else
        {
                UDEBUG("inliers = %d/%d", inliers, pairs.size());
                return true;
        }
}

//STATIC STUFF
//Epipolar geometry
void EpipolarGeometry::findEpipolesFromF(const cv::Mat & fundamentalMatrix, cv::Vec3d & e1, cv::Vec3d & e2)
{
        if(fundamentalMatrix.rows != 3 || fundamentalMatrix.cols != 3)
        {
                ULOGGER_ERROR("The matrix is not the good size...");
                return;
        }

        if(fundamentalMatrix.type() != CV_64FC1)
        {
                ULOGGER_ERROR("The matrix is not the good type...");
                return;
        }


        cv::SVD svd(fundamentalMatrix);
        cv::Mat u = svd.u;
        cv::Mat v = svd.vt;
        cv::Mat w = svd.w;

        // v is for image 1
        // u is for image 2

        e1[0] = v.at<double>(0,2);// /v->data.db[2*3+2];
        e1[1] = v.at<double>(1,2);// /v->data.db[2*3+2];
        e1[2] = v.at<double>(2,2);// /v->data.db[2*3+2];

        e2[0] = u.at<double>(0,2);// /u->data.db[2*3+2];
        e2[1] = u.at<double>(1,2);// /u->data.db[2*3+2];
        e2[2] = u.at<double>(2,2);// /u->data.db[2*3+2];
}

int inFrontOfBothCameras(const cv::Mat & x, const cv::Mat & xp, const cv::Mat & R, const cv::Mat & T)
{
        // P0 matrix 3X4
        cv::Mat p0 = cv::Mat::zeros(3, 4, CV_64FC1);
        p0.at<double>(0,0) = 1;
        p0.at<double>(1,1) = 1;
        p0.at<double>(2,2) = 1;
        cv::Mat p = cv::Mat::zeros(3, 4, CV_64FC1);
        p.at<double>(0,0) = R.at<double>(0,0);
        p.at<double>(0,1) = R.at<double>(0,1);
        p.at<double>(0,2) = R.at<double>(0,2);
        p.at<double>(1,0) = R.at<double>(1,0);
        p.at<double>(1,1) = R.at<double>(1,1);
        p.at<double>(1,2) = R.at<double>(1,2);
        p.at<double>(2,0) = R.at<double>(2,0);
        p.at<double>(2,1) = R.at<double>(2,1);
        p.at<double>(2,2) = R.at<double>(2,2);
        p.at<double>(0,3) = T.at<double>(0,0);
        p.at<double>(1,3) = T.at<double>(1,0);
        p.at<double>(2,3) = T.at<double>(2,0);

        cv::Mat pts4D;
        //std::vector<double> reprojErrors;
        //pcl::PointCloud<pcl::PointXYZ>::Ptr cloud;
        //EpipolarGeometry::triangulatePoints(x, xp, p0, p, cloud, reprojErrors);
        cv::triangulatePoints(p0, p, x, xp, pts4D);

    //http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_matrix#3D_points_from_corresponding_image_points
        int nValid = 0;
    for(int i=0; i<x.cols; ++i)
    {
        // the five to ignore when all points are super close to the camera
        if(pts4D.at<double>(2,i)/pts4D.at<double>(3,i) > 5)
        //if(cloud->at(i).z > 5)
        {
                ++nValid;
        }
    }
    UDEBUG("nValid=%d/%d", nValid,  x.cols);

    return nValid;
}

//Assuming P0 = [eye(3) zeros(3,1)]
// x1 and x2 are 2D points
// return camera matrix P (3x4) matrix
//http://www.robots.ox.ac.uk/~vgg/hzbook/hzbook2/HZepipolar.pdf
cv::Mat EpipolarGeometry::findPFromE(const cv::Mat & E,
                const cv::Mat & x,
                const cv::Mat & xp)
{
        UDEBUG("begin");
        UASSERT(E.rows == 3 && E.cols == 3);
        UASSERT(E.type() == CV_64FC1);
        UASSERT(x.rows == 2 && x.cols>0 && x.type() == CV_64FC1);
        UASSERT(xp.rows == 2 && xp.cols>0 && x.type() == CV_64FC1);

        // skew matrix 3X3
        cv::Mat w = cv::Mat::zeros( 3, 3, CV_64FC1);
        w.at<double>(0,1) = -1;
        w.at<double>(1,0) = 1;
        w.at<double>(2,2) = 1;
        //std::cout << "W=" << w << std::endl;

        cv::Mat e = E;
        cv::SVD svd(e,cv::SVD::MODIFY_A);
        cv::Mat u = svd.u;
        cv::Mat vt = svd.vt;
        cv::Mat s = svd.w;

        //std::cout << "u=" << u << std::endl;
        //std::cout << "vt=" << vt << std::endl;
        //std::cout << "s=" << s << std::endl;

        // E = u*diag(1,1,0)*vt
        cv::Mat diag = cv::Mat::eye(3,3,CV_64FC1);
        diag.at<double>(2,2) = 0;
        e = u*diag*vt;
        svd(e,cv::SVD::MODIFY_A);
        u = svd.u;
        vt = svd.vt;
        s = svd.w;

        cv::Mat r = u*w*vt;
        if(cv::determinant(r)+1.0 < 1e-09) {
                //according to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_matrix#Showing_that_it_is_valid
                UDEBUG("det(R) == -1 [%f]: flip E's sign", cv::determinant(r));
                e = -E;
                svd(e,cv::SVD::MODIFY_A);
                u = svd.u;
                vt = svd.vt;
                s = svd.w;
        }
        cv::Mat wt = w.t();

        // INFO: There 4 cases of P, only one have all the points in
        // front of the two cameras (positive z).

        cv::Mat r1 = u*w*vt;
        cv::Mat r2 = u*wt*vt;

        cv::Mat t1 = u.col(2);
        cv::Mat t2 = u.col(2)*-1;

        int max = 0;
        int maxIndex = 1;
        int maxTmp;
        cv::Mat R=r1,T=t1;

        // Case 1 : P = [U*W*V' t];
        max = inFrontOfBothCameras(x, xp, r1, t1);
        // Case 2 : P = [U*W*V' -t];
        maxTmp = inFrontOfBothCameras(x, xp, r1, t2);
        if(maxTmp > max)
        {
                maxIndex = 2;
                max = maxTmp;
                R=r1,T=t2;
        }
        // Case 3 : P = [U*W'*V' t];
        maxTmp = inFrontOfBothCameras(x, xp, r2, t1);
        if(maxTmp > max)
        {
                maxIndex = 3;
                max = maxTmp;
                R=r2,T=t1;
        }
        // Case 4 : P = [U*W'*V' -t];
        maxTmp = inFrontOfBothCameras(x, xp, r2, t2);
        if(maxTmp > max)
        {
                maxIndex = 4;
                max = maxTmp;
                R=r2,T=t2;
        }

        if(max > 0)
        {
                UDEBUG("Case %d", maxIndex);

                // P matrix 3x4
                cv::Mat p = cv::Mat::zeros(3, 4, CV_64FC1);
                p.at<double>(0,0) = R.at<double>(0,0);
                p.at<double>(0,1) = R.at<double>(0,1);
                p.at<double>(0,2) = R.at<double>(0,2);
                p.at<double>(1,0) = R.at<double>(1,0);
                p.at<double>(1,1) = R.at<double>(1,1);
                p.at<double>(1,2) = R.at<double>(1,2);
                p.at<double>(2,0) = R.at<double>(2,0);
                p.at<double>(2,1) = R.at<double>(2,1);
                p.at<double>(2,2) = R.at<double>(2,2);
                p.at<double>(0,3) = T.at<double>(0);
                p.at<double>(1,3) = T.at<double>(1);
                p.at<double>(2,3) = T.at<double>(2);
                return p;
        }

        return cv::Mat();
}

cv::Mat EpipolarGeometry::findFFromWords(
                const std::list<std::pair<int, std::pair<cv::KeyPoint, cv::KeyPoint> > > & pairs, // id, kpt1, kpt2
                std::vector<uchar> & status,
                double ransacParam1,
                double ransacParam2)
{

        status = std::vector<uchar>(pairs.size(), 0);
        //Convert Keypoints to a structure that OpenCV understands
        //3 dimensions (Homogeneous vectors)
        cv::Mat points1(1, pairs.size(), CV_32FC2);
        cv::Mat points2(1, pairs.size(), CV_32FC2);

        float * points1data = points1.ptr<float>(0);
        float * points2data = points2.ptr<float>(0);

        // Fill the points here ...
        int i=0;
        for(std::list<std::pair<int, std::pair<cv::KeyPoint, cv::KeyPoint> > >::const_iterator iter = pairs.begin();
                iter != pairs.end();
                ++iter )
        {
                points1data[i*2] = (*iter).second.first.pt.x;
                points1data[i*2+1] = (*iter).second.first.pt.y;

                points2data[i*2] = (*iter).second.second.pt.x;
                points2data[i*2+1] = (*iter).second.second.pt.y;

                ++i;
        }

        UTimer timer;
        timer.start();

        // Find the fundamental matrix
        cv::Mat fundamentalMatrix = cv::findFundamentalMat(
                                points1,
                                points2,
                                status,
                                cv::FM_RANSAC,
                                ransacParam1,
                                ransacParam2);

        ULOGGER_DEBUG("Find fundamental matrix (OpenCV) time = %fs", timer.ticks());

                // Fundamental matrix is valid ?
        bool fundMatFound = false;
        UASSERT(fundamentalMatrix.type() == CV_64FC1);
        if(fundamentalMatrix.cols==3 && fundamentalMatrix.rows==3 &&
           (fundamentalMatrix.at<double>(0,0) != 0.0 ||
            fundamentalMatrix.at<double>(0,1) != 0.0 ||
            fundamentalMatrix.at<double>(0,2) != 0.0 ||
            fundamentalMatrix.at<double>(1,0) != 0.0 ||
            fundamentalMatrix.at<double>(1,1) != 0.0 ||
            fundamentalMatrix.at<double>(1,2) != 0.0 ||
                fundamentalMatrix.at<double>(2,0) != 0.0 ||
                fundamentalMatrix.at<double>(2,1) != 0.0 ||
                fundamentalMatrix.at<double>(2,2) != 0.0) )

        {
                fundMatFound = true;
        }

        ULOGGER_DEBUG("fm_count=%d...", fundMatFound);

        if(fundMatFound)
        {
                // Show the fundamental matrix
                UDEBUG(
                        "F = [%f %f %f;%f %f %f;%f %f %f]",
                        fundamentalMatrix.ptr<double>(0)[0],
                        fundamentalMatrix.ptr<double>(0)[1],
                        fundamentalMatrix.ptr<double>(0)[2],
                        fundamentalMatrix.ptr<double>(0)[3],
                        fundamentalMatrix.ptr<double>(0)[4],
                        fundamentalMatrix.ptr<double>(0)[5],
                        fundamentalMatrix.ptr<double>(0)[6],
                        fundamentalMatrix.ptr<double>(0)[7],
                        fundamentalMatrix.ptr<double>(0)[8]);
        }
        return fundamentalMatrix;
}

void EpipolarGeometry::findRTFromP(
                const cv::Mat & p,
                cv::Mat & r,
                cv::Mat & t)
{
        UASSERT(p.cols == 4 && p.rows == 3);
        r = cv::Mat(p, cv::Range(0,3), cv::Range(0,3));
        //r = -r.inv();
        //t = r*p.col(3);
        t = p.col(3);
}

cv::Mat EpipolarGeometry::findFFromCalibratedStereoCameras(double fx, double fy, double cx, double cy, double Tx, double Ty)
{
        cv::Mat R = cv::Mat::eye(3, 3, CV_64FC1);

        double Bx = Tx/-fx;
        double By = Ty/-fy;

        cv::Mat tx = (cv::Mat_<double>(3,3) <<
                        0, 0, By,
                        0, 0, -Bx,
                        -By, Bx, 0);

        cv::Mat K = (cv::Mat_<double>(3,3) <<
                        fx, 0, cx,
                        0, fy, cy,
                        0, 0, 1);

        cv::Mat E = tx*R;

        return K.inv().t()*E*K.inv();
}

int EpipolarGeometry::findPairs(
                const std::map<int, cv::KeyPoint> & wordsA,
                const std::map<int, cv::KeyPoint> & wordsB,
                std::list<std::pair<int, std::pair<cv::KeyPoint, cv::KeyPoint> > > & pairs)
{
        int realPairsCount = 0;
        pairs.clear();
        for(std::map<int, cv::KeyPoint>::const_iterator i=wordsA.begin(); i!=wordsA.end(); ++i)
        {
                std::map<int, cv::KeyPoint>::const_iterator ptB = wordsB.find(i->first);
                if(ptB != wordsB.end())
                {
                        pairs.push_back(std::pair<int, std::pair<cv::KeyPoint, cv::KeyPoint> >(i->first, std::pair<cv::KeyPoint, cv::KeyPoint>(i->second, ptB->second)));
                        ++realPairsCount;
                }
        }
        return realPairsCount;
}

int EpipolarGeometry::findPairs(const std::multimap<int, cv::KeyPoint> & wordsA,
                const std::multimap<int, cv::KeyPoint> & wordsB,
                std::list<std::pair<int, std::pair<cv::KeyPoint, cv::KeyPoint> > > & pairs)
{
        const std::list<int> & ids = uUniqueKeys(wordsA);
        std::multimap<int, cv::KeyPoint>::const_iterator iterA;
        std::multimap<int, cv::KeyPoint>::const_iterator iterB;
        pairs.clear();
        int realPairsCount = 0;
        for(std::list<int>::const_iterator i=ids.begin(); i!=ids.end(); ++i)
        {
                iterA = wordsA.find(*i);
                iterB = wordsB.find(*i);
                while(iterA != wordsA.end() && iterB != wordsB.end() && (*iterA).first == (*iterB).first && (*iterA).first == *i)
                {
                        pairs.push_back(std::pair<int, std::pair<cv::KeyPoint, cv::KeyPoint> >(*i, std::pair<cv::KeyPoint, cv::KeyPoint>((*iterA).second, (*iterB).second)));
                        ++iterA;
                        ++iterB;
                        ++realPairsCount;
                }
        }
        return realPairsCount;
}

int EpipolarGeometry::findPairsUnique(
                const std::multimap<int, cv::KeyPoint> & wordsA,
                const std::multimap<int, cv::KeyPoint> & wordsB,
                std::list<std::pair<int, std::pair<cv::KeyPoint, cv::KeyPoint> > > & pairs)
{
        const std::list<int> & ids = uUniqueKeys(wordsA);
        int realPairsCount = 0;
        pairs.clear();
        for(std::list<int>::const_iterator i=ids.begin(); i!=ids.end(); ++i)
        {
                std::list<cv::KeyPoint> ptsA = uValues(wordsA, *i);
                std::list<cv::KeyPoint> ptsB = uValues(wordsB, *i);
                if(ptsA.size() == 1 && ptsB.size() == 1)
                {
                        pairs.push_back(std::pair<int, std::pair<cv::KeyPoint, cv::KeyPoint> >(*i, std::pair<cv::KeyPoint, cv::KeyPoint>(ptsA.front(), ptsB.front())));
                        ++realPairsCount;
                }
                else if(ptsA.size()>1 && ptsB.size()>1)
                {
                        // just update the count
                        realPairsCount += ptsA.size() > ptsB.size() ? ptsB.size() : ptsA.size();
                }
        }
        return realPairsCount;
}

int EpipolarGeometry::findPairsAll(const std::multimap<int, cv::KeyPoint> & wordsA,
                const std::multimap<int, cv::KeyPoint> & wordsB,
                std::list<std::pair<int, std::pair<cv::KeyPoint, cv::KeyPoint> > > & pairs)
{
        UTimer timer;
        timer.start();
        const std::list<int> & ids = uUniqueKeys(wordsA);
        pairs.clear();
        int realPairsCount = 0;;
        for(std::list<int>::const_iterator iter=ids.begin(); iter!=ids.end(); ++iter)
        {
                std::list<cv::KeyPoint> ptsA = uValues(wordsA, *iter);
                std::list<cv::KeyPoint> ptsB = uValues(wordsB, *iter);

                realPairsCount += ptsA.size() > ptsB.size() ? ptsB.size() : ptsA.size();

                for(std::list<cv::KeyPoint>::iterator jter=ptsA.begin(); jter!=ptsA.end(); ++jter)
                {
                        for(std::list<cv::KeyPoint>::iterator kter=ptsB.begin(); kter!=ptsB.end(); ++kter)
                        {
                                pairs.push_back(std::pair<int, std::pair<cv::KeyPoint, cv::KeyPoint> >(*iter, std::pair<cv::KeyPoint, cv::KeyPoint>(*jter, *kter)));
                        }
                }
        }
        ULOGGER_DEBUG("time = %f", timer.ticks());
        return realPairsCount;
}



cv::Mat EpipolarGeometry::linearLSTriangulation(
                cv::Point3d u,   //homogenous image point (u,v,1)
                cv::Matx34d P,       //camera 1 matrix 3x4 double
                cv::Point3d u1,  //homogenous image point in 2nd camera
                cv::Matx34d P1       //camera 2 matrix 3x4 double
                                   )
{
    //build matrix A for homogenous equation system Ax = 0
    //assume X = (x,y,z,1), for Linear-LS method
    //which turns it into a AX = B system, where A is 4x3, X is 3x1 and B is 4x1
    cv::Mat A = (cv::Mat_<double>(4,3) <<
                u.x*P(2,0)-P(0,0),    u.x*P(2,1)-P(0,1),      u.x*P(2,2)-P(0,2),
                        u.y*P(2,0)-P(1,0),    u.y*P(2,1)-P(1,1),      u.y*P(2,2)-P(1,2),
                        u1.x*P1(2,0)-P1(0,0), u1.x*P1(2,1)-P1(0,1),   u1.x*P1(2,2)-P1(0,2),
                        u1.y*P1(2,0)-P1(1,0), u1.y*P1(2,1)-P1(1,1),   u1.y*P1(2,2)-P1(1,2)
              );
    cv::Mat B = (cv::Mat_<double>(4,1) <<
                        -(u.x*P(2,3)    -P(0,3)),
                        -(u.y*P(2,3)  -P(1,3)),
                        -(u1.x*P1(2,3)    -P1(0,3)),
                        -(u1.y*P1(2,3)    -P1(1,3)));

    cv::Mat X;
    solve(A,B,X,cv::DECOMP_SVD);

    return X; // return 1x3 double
}

cv::Mat EpipolarGeometry::iterativeLinearLSTriangulation(
                cv::Point3d u,            //homogenous image point (u,v,1)
                const cv::Matx34d & P,   //camera 1 matrix 3x4 double
                cv::Point3d u1,           //homogenous image point in 2nd camera
                const cv::Matx34d & P1)   //camera 2 matrix 3x4 double
{
    double wi = 1, wi1 = 1;
        double EPSILON = 0.0001;

        cv::Mat X(4,1,CV_64FC1);
        cv::Mat X_ = linearLSTriangulation(u,P,u1,P1);
        X.at<double>(0) = X_.at<double>(0);
        X.at<double>(1) = X_.at<double>(1);
        X.at<double>(2) = X_.at<double>(2);
        X.at<double>(3) = 1.0;
        for (int i=0; i<10; i++)  //Hartley suggests 10 iterations at most
        {
        //recalculate weights
        double p2x = cv::Mat(cv::Mat(P).row(2)*X).at<double>(0);
        double p2x1 = cv::Mat(cv::Mat(P1).row(2)*X).at<double>(0);

        //breaking point
        if(fabs(wi - p2x) <= EPSILON && fabs(wi1 - p2x1) <= EPSILON) break;

        wi = p2x;
        wi1 = p2x1;

        //reweight equations and solve
        cv::Mat A = (cv::Mat_<double>(4,3) <<
                        (u.x*P(2,0)-P(0,0))/wi,       (u.x*P(2,1)-P(0,1))/wi,         (u.x*P(2,2)-P(0,2))/wi,
                                (u.y*P(2,0)-P(1,0))/wi,       (u.y*P(2,1)-P(1,1))/wi,         (u.y*P(2,2)-P(1,2))/wi,
                                (u1.x*P1(2,0)-P1(0,0))/wi1,   (u1.x*P1(2,1)-P1(0,1))/wi1,     (u1.x*P1(2,2)-P1(0,2))/wi1,
                                (u1.y*P1(2,0)-P1(1,0))/wi1,   (u1.y*P1(2,1)-P1(1,1))/wi1,     (u1.y*P1(2,2)-P1(1,2))/wi1);
        cv::Mat B = (cv::Mat_<double>(4,1) <<
                        -(u.x*P(2,3)    -P(0,3))/wi,
                                -(u.y*P(2,3)  -P(1,3))/wi,
                                -(u1.x*P1(2,3)    -P1(0,3))/wi1,
                                -(u1.y*P1(2,3)    -P1(1,3))/wi1);

        solve(A,B,X_,cv::DECOMP_SVD);
        X.at<double>(0) = X_.at<double>(0);
                X.at<double>(1) = X_.at<double>(1);
                X.at<double>(2) = X_.at<double>(2);
                X.at<double>(3) = 1.0;
    }
    return X; //  return 4x1 double
}

//Triagulate points
double EpipolarGeometry::triangulatePoints(
                const cv::Mat& pt_set, //2xN double
                const cv::Mat& pt_set1, //2xN double
                const cv::Mat& P, // 3x4 double
                const cv::Mat& P1, // 3x4 double
                pcl::PointCloud<pcl::PointXYZ>::Ptr & pointcloud,
                std::vector<double> & reproj_errors)
{
        pointcloud.reset(new pcl::PointCloud<pcl::PointXYZ>);

        unsigned int pts_size = pt_set.cols;

        pointcloud->resize(pts_size);
        reproj_errors.resize(pts_size);

        for(unsigned int i=0; i<pts_size; i++)
        {
                cv::Point3d u(pt_set.at<double>(0,i),pt_set.at<double>(1,i),1.0);
                cv::Point3d u1(pt_set1.at<double>(0,i),pt_set1.at<double>(1,i),1.0);

                cv::Mat X = iterativeLinearLSTriangulation(u,P,u1,P1);

                cv::Mat x_proj = P * X;                         //reproject
                x_proj = x_proj / x_proj.at<double>(2);
                cv::Point3d xPt_img_(x_proj.at<double>(0), x_proj.at<double>(1), 1.0);

                double reprj_err = norm(xPt_img_ - u);
                reproj_errors[i] = reprj_err;
                pointcloud->at(i) = pcl::PointXYZ(X.at<double>(0),X.at<double>(1),X.at<double>(2));
        }

        return cv::mean(reproj_errors)[0]; // mean reproj error
}

} // namespace rtabmap