uatypes.py

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"""
implement ua datatypes
"""
import struct
from enum import Enum, IntEnum, EnumMeta
from datetime import datetime
import sys
import os
import uuid
import re
import itertools

from opcua.ua import ua_binary as uabin
from opcua.ua import status_codes
from opcua.ua import ObjectIds
from opcua.ua.uaerrors import UaError
from opcua.ua.uaerrors import UaStatusCodeError
from opcua.ua.uaerrors import UaStringParsingError


if sys.version_info.major > 2:
    unicode = str
def get_win_epoch():
    return uabin.win_epoch_to_datetime(0)


class _FrozenClass(object):

    """
    Make it impossible to add members to a class.
    Not pythonic at all but we found out it prevents many many
    bugs in use of protocol structures
    """
    _freeze = False

    def __setattr__(self, key, value):
        if self._freeze and not hasattr(self, key):
            raise TypeError("Error adding member '{0}' to class '{1}', class is frozen, members are {2}".format(
                key, self.__class__.__name__, self.__dict__.keys()))
        object.__setattr__(self, key, value)


if "PYOPCUA_NO_TYPO_CHECK" in os.environ:
    # typo check is cpu consuming, but it will make debug easy.
    # if typo check is not need (in production), please set env PYOPCUA_NO_TYPO_CHECK.
    # this will make all uatype class inherit from object intead of _FrozenClass
    # and skip the typo check.
    FrozenClass = object
else:
    FrozenClass = _FrozenClass


class ValueRank(IntEnum):
    """
    Defines dimensions of a variable.
    This enum does not support all cases since ValueRank support any n>0
    but since it is an IntEnum it can be replace by a normal int
    """
    ScalarOrOneDimension = -3
    Any = -2
    Scalar = -1
    OneOrMoreDimensions = 0
    OneDimension = 1
    # the next names are not in spec but so common we express them here
    TwoDimensions = 2
    ThreeDimensions = 3
    FourDimensions = 4


class _MaskEnum(IntEnum):

    @classmethod
    def parse_bitfield(cls, the_int):
        """ Take an integer and interpret it as a set of enum values. """
        assert isinstance(the_int, int)

        return {cls(b) for b in cls._bits(the_int)}

    @classmethod
    def to_bitfield(cls, collection):
        """ Takes some enum values and creates an integer from them. """
        # make sure all elements are of the correct type (use itertools.tee in case we get passed an
        # iterator)
        iter1, iter2 = itertools.tee(iter(collection))
        assert all(isinstance(x, cls) for x in iter1)

        return sum(x.mask for x in iter2)

    @property
    def mask(self):
        return 1 << self.value

    @staticmethod
    def _bits(n):
        """ Iterate over the bits in n.

            e.g. bits(44) yields at 2, 3, 5
        """
        assert n >= 0  # avoid infinite recursion

        pos = 0
        while n:
            if n & 0x1:
                yield pos
            n = n // 2
            pos += 1


class AccessLevel(_MaskEnum):
    """
    Bit index to indicate what the access level is.

    Spec Part 3, appears multiple times, e.g. paragraph 5.6.2 Variable NodeClass
    """
    CurrentRead = 0
    CurrentWrite = 1
    HistoryRead = 2
    HistoryWrite = 3
    SemanticChange = 4
    StatusWrite = 5
    TimestampWrite = 6


class WriteMask(_MaskEnum):
    """
    Bit index to indicate which attribute of a node is writable

    Spec Part 3, Paragraph 5.2.7 WriteMask
    """
    AccessLevel = 0
    ArrayDimensions = 1
    BrowseName = 2
    ContainsNoLoops = 3
    DataType = 4
    Description = 5
    DisplayName = 6
    EventNotifier = 7
    Executable = 8
    Historizing = 9
    InverseName = 10
    IsAbstract = 11
    MinimumSamplingInterval = 12
    NodeClass = 13
    NodeId = 14
    Symmetric = 15
    UserAccessLevel = 16
    UserExecutable = 17
    UserWriteMask = 18
    ValueRank = 19
    WriteMask = 20
    ValueForVariableType = 21


class EventNotifier(_MaskEnum):
    """
    Bit index to indicate how a node can be used for events.

    Spec Part 3, appears multiple times, e.g. Paragraph 5.4 View NodeClass
    """
    SubscribeToEvents = 0
    # Reserved        = 1
    HistoryRead = 2
    HistoryWrite = 3


class StatusCode(FrozenClass):
    """
    :ivar value:
    :vartype value: int
    :ivar name:
    :vartype name: string
    :ivar doc:
    :vartype doc: string
    """

    def __init__(self, value=0):
        if isinstance(value, str):
            self.name = value
            self.value = getattr(status_codes.StatusCodes, value)
        else:
            self.value = value
            self.name, self.doc = status_codes.get_name_and_doc(value)
        self._freeze = True

    def to_binary(self):
        return uabin.Primitives.UInt32.pack(self.value)

    @staticmethod
    def from_binary(data):
        val = uabin.Primitives.UInt32.unpack(data)
        sc = StatusCode(val)
        return sc

    def check(self):
        """
        Raises an exception if the status code is anything else than 0 (good).

        Use the is_good() method if you do not want an exception.
        """
        if not self.is_good():
            raise UaStatusCodeError(self.value)

    def is_good(self):
        """
        return True if status is Good.
        """
        mask = 3 << 30
        if mask & self.value:
            return False
        else:
            return True

    def __str__(self):
        return 'StatusCode({0})'.format(self.name)
    __repr__ = __str__

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return self.value == other.value

    def __ne__(self, other):
        return not self.__eq__(other)


class NodeIdType(IntEnum):
    TwoByte = 0
    FourByte = 1
    Numeric = 2
    String = 3
    Guid = 4
    ByteString = 5


class NodeId(FrozenClass):
    """
    NodeId Object

    Args:
        identifier: The identifier might be an int, a string, bytes or a Guid
        namespaceidx(int): The index of the namespace
        nodeidtype(NodeIdType): The type of the nodeid if it cannor be guess or you want something special like twobyte nodeid or fourbytenodeid


    :ivar Identifier:
    :vartype Identifier: NodeId
    :ivar NamespaceIndex:
    :vartype NamespaceIndex: Int
    :ivar NamespaceUri:
    :vartype NamespaceUri: String
    :ivar ServerIndex:
    :vartype ServerIndex: Int
    """
    
    def __init__(self, identifier=None, namespaceidx=0, nodeidtype=None):

        self.Identifier = identifier
        self.NamespaceIndex = namespaceidx
        self.NodeIdType = nodeidtype
        self.NamespaceUri = ""
        self.ServerIndex = 0
        self._freeze = True
        if not isinstance(self.NamespaceIndex, int):
            raise UaError("NamespaceIndex must be an int")
        if self.Identifier is None:
            self.Identifier = 0
            self.NodeIdType = NodeIdType.TwoByte
            return
        if self.NodeIdType is None:
            if isinstance(self.Identifier, int):
                self.NodeIdType = NodeIdType.Numeric
            elif isinstance(self.Identifier, str):
                self.NodeIdType = NodeIdType.String
            elif isinstance(self.Identifier, bytes):
                self.NodeIdType = NodeIdType.ByteString
            elif isinstance(self.Identifier, uuid.UUID):
                self.NodeIdType = NodeIdType.Guid
            else:
                raise UaError("NodeId: Could not guess type of NodeId, set NodeIdType")

    def _key(self):
        if self.NodeIdType in (NodeIdType.TwoByte, NodeIdType.FourByte, NodeIdType.Numeric): 
            # twobyte, fourbyte and numeric may represent the same node
            return (NodeIdType.Numeric, self.NamespaceIndex, self.Identifier)
        return (self.NodeIdType, self.NamespaceIndex, self.Identifier)

    def __eq__(self, node):
        return isinstance(node, NodeId) and self._key() == node._key()

    def __ne__(self, other):
        return not self.__eq__(other)

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(self._key())

    def __lt__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, NodeId):
            raise AttributeError("Can only compare to NodeId")
        return self._key() < other._key()

    def is_null(self):
        if self.NamespaceIndex != 0:
            return False
        return self.has_null_identifier()

    def has_null_identifier(self):
        if not self.Identifier:
            return True
        if self.NodeIdType == NodeIdType.Guid and re.match(b'0.', self.Identifier):
            return True
        return False

    @staticmethod
    def from_string(string):
        try:
            return NodeId._from_string(string)
        except ValueError as ex:
            raise UaStringParsingError("Error parsing string {0}".format(string), ex)

    @staticmethod
    def _from_string(string):
        l = string.split(";")
        identifier = None
        namespace = 0
        ntype = None
        srv = None
        nsu = None
        for el in l:
            if not el:
                continue
            k, v = el.split("=", 1)
            k = k.strip()
            v = v.strip()
            if k == "ns":
                namespace = int(v)
            elif k == "i":
                ntype = NodeIdType.Numeric
                identifier = int(v)
            elif k == "s":
                ntype = NodeIdType.String
                identifier = v
            elif k == "g":
                ntype = NodeIdType.Guid
                identifier = v
            elif k == "b":
                ntype = NodeIdType.ByteString
                identifier = v
            elif k == "srv":
                srv = v
            elif k == "nsu":
                nsu = v
        if identifier is None:
            raise UaStringParsingError("Could not find identifier in string: " + string)
        nodeid = NodeId(identifier, namespace, ntype)
        nodeid.NamespaceUri = nsu
        nodeid.ServerIndex = srv
        return nodeid

    def to_string(self):
        string = ""
        if self.NamespaceIndex != 0:
            string += "ns={0};".format(self.NamespaceIndex)
        ntype = None
        if self.NodeIdType == NodeIdType.Numeric:
            ntype = "i"
        elif self.NodeIdType == NodeIdType.String:
            ntype = "s"
        elif self.NodeIdType == NodeIdType.TwoByte:
            ntype = "i"
        elif self.NodeIdType == NodeIdType.FourByte:
            ntype = "i"
        elif self.NodeIdType == NodeIdType.Guid:
            ntype = "g"
        elif self.NodeIdType == NodeIdType.ByteString:
            ntype = "b"
        string += "{0}={1}".format(ntype, self.Identifier)
        if self.ServerIndex:
            string = "srv=" + str(self.ServerIndex) + string
        if self.NamespaceUri:
            string += "nsu={0}".format(self.NamespaceUri)
        return string

    def __str__(self):
        return "{0}NodeId({1})".format(self.NodeIdType.name, self.to_string())
    __repr__ = __str__

    def to_binary(self):
        if self.NodeIdType == NodeIdType.TwoByte:
            return struct.pack("<BB", self.NodeIdType.value, self.Identifier)
        elif self.NodeIdType == NodeIdType.FourByte:
            return struct.pack("<BBH", self.NodeIdType.value, self.NamespaceIndex, self.Identifier)
        elif self.NodeIdType == NodeIdType.Numeric:
            return struct.pack("<BHI", self.NodeIdType.value, self.NamespaceIndex, self.Identifier)
        elif self.NodeIdType == NodeIdType.String:
            return struct.pack("<BH", self.NodeIdType.value, self.NamespaceIndex) + \
                uabin.Primitives.String.pack(self.Identifier)
        elif self.NodeIdType == NodeIdType.ByteString:
            return struct.pack("<BH", self.NodeIdType.value, self.NamespaceIndex) + \
                uabin.Primitives.Bytes.pack(self.Identifier)
        elif self.NodeIdType == NodeIdType.Guid:
            return struct.pack("<BH", self.NodeIdType.value, self.NamespaceIndex) + \
                   uabin.Primitives.Guid.pack(self.Identifier)
        else:
            return struct.pack("<BH", self.NodeIdType.value, self.NamespaceIndex) + \
                self.Identifier.to_binary()
        # FIXME: Missing NNamespaceURI and ServerIndex

    @staticmethod
    def from_binary(data):
        nid = NodeId()
        encoding = ord(data.read(1))
        nid.NodeIdType = NodeIdType(encoding & 0b00111111)

        if nid.NodeIdType == NodeIdType.TwoByte:
            nid.Identifier = ord(data.read(1))
        elif nid.NodeIdType == NodeIdType.FourByte:
            nid.NamespaceIndex, nid.Identifier = struct.unpack("<BH", data.read(3))
        elif nid.NodeIdType == NodeIdType.Numeric:
            nid.NamespaceIndex, nid.Identifier = struct.unpack("<HI", data.read(6))
        elif nid.NodeIdType == NodeIdType.String:
            nid.NamespaceIndex = uabin.Primitives.UInt16.unpack(data)
            nid.Identifier = uabin.Primitives.String.unpack(data)
        elif nid.NodeIdType == NodeIdType.ByteString:
            nid.NamespaceIndex = uabin.Primitives.UInt16.unpack(data)
            nid.Identifier = uabin.Primitives.Bytes.unpack(data)
        elif nid.NodeIdType == NodeIdType.Guid:
            nid.NamespaceIndex = uabin.Primitives.UInt16.unpack(data)
            nid.Identifier = uabin.Primitives.Guid.unpack(data)
        else:
            raise UaError("Unknown NodeId encoding: " + str(nid.NodeIdType))

        if uabin.test_bit(encoding, 7):
            nid.NamespaceUri = uabin.Primitives.String.unpack(data)
        if uabin.test_bit(encoding, 6):
            nid.ServerIndex = uabin.Primitives.UInt32.unpack(data)

        return nid


class TwoByteNodeId(NodeId):

    def __init__(self, identifier):
        NodeId.__init__(self, identifier, 0, NodeIdType.TwoByte)


class FourByteNodeId(NodeId):

    def __init__(self, identifier, namespace=0):
        NodeId.__init__(self, identifier, namespace, NodeIdType.FourByte)


class NumericNodeId(NodeId):

    def __init__(self, identifier, namespace=0):
        NodeId.__init__(self, identifier, namespace, NodeIdType.Numeric)


class ByteStringNodeId(NodeId):

    def __init__(self, identifier, namespace=0):
        NodeId.__init__(self, identifier, namespace, NodeIdType.ByteString)


class GuidNodeId(NodeId):

    def __init__(self, identifier, namespace=0):
        NodeId.__init__(self, identifier, namespace, NodeIdType.Guid)


class StringNodeId(NodeId):

    def __init__(self, identifier, namespace=0):
        NodeId.__init__(self, identifier, namespace, NodeIdType.String)


ExpandedNodeId = NodeId


class QualifiedName(FrozenClass):
    """
    A string qualified with a namespace index.
    """

    def __init__(self, name=None, namespaceidx=0):
        if not isinstance(namespaceidx, int):
            raise UaError("namespaceidx must be an int")
        self.NamespaceIndex = namespaceidx
        self.Name = name
        self._freeze = True

    def to_string(self):
        return "{0}:{1}".format(self.NamespaceIndex, self.Name)

    @staticmethod
    def from_string(string):
        if ":" in string:
            try:
                idx, name = string.split(":", 1)
                idx = int(idx)
            except (TypeError, ValueError) as ex:
                raise UaStringParsingError("Error parsing string {0}".format(string), ex)
        else:
            idx = 0
            name = string
        return QualifiedName(name, idx)

    def to_binary(self):
        packet = []
        packet.append(uabin.Primitives.UInt16.pack(self.NamespaceIndex))
        packet.append(uabin.Primitives.String.pack(self.Name))
        return b''.join(packet)

    @staticmethod
    def from_binary(data):
        obj = QualifiedName()
        obj.NamespaceIndex = uabin.Primitives.UInt16.unpack(data)
        obj.Name = uabin.Primitives.String.unpack(data)
        return obj

    def __eq__(self, bname):
        return isinstance(bname, QualifiedName) and self.Name == bname.Name and self.NamespaceIndex == bname.NamespaceIndex

    def __ne__(self, other):
        return not self.__eq__(other)

    def __lt__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, QualifiedName):
            raise TypeError("Cannot compare QualifiedName and {0}".format(other))
        if self.NamespaceIndex == other.NamespaceIndex:
            return self.Name < other.Name
        else:
            return self.NamespaceIndex < other.NamespaceIndex

    def __str__(self):
        return 'QualifiedName({0}:{1})'.format(self.NamespaceIndex, self.Name)

    __repr__ = __str__


class LocalizedText(FrozenClass):
    """
    A string qualified with a namespace index.
    """

    ua_types = {
        "Text": "ByteString",
        "Locale": "ByteString"
    }

    def __init__(self, text=None):
        self.Encoding = 0
        self.Text = text
        if isinstance(self.Text, unicode):
            self.Text = self.Text.encode('utf-8')
        if self.Text:
            self.Encoding |= (1 << 1)
        self.Locale = None
        self._freeze = True

    def to_binary(self):
        packet = []
        if self.Locale:
            self.Encoding |= (1 << 0)
        if self.Text:
            self.Encoding |= (1 << 1)
        packet.append(uabin.Primitives.UInt8.pack(self.Encoding))
        if self.Locale:
            packet.append(uabin.Primitives.Bytes.pack(self.Locale))
        if self.Text:
            packet.append(uabin.Primitives.Bytes.pack(self.Text))
        return b''.join(packet)

    @staticmethod
    def from_binary(data):
        obj = LocalizedText()
        obj.Encoding = ord(data.read(1))
        if obj.Encoding & (1 << 0):
            obj.Locale = uabin.Primitives.Bytes.unpack(data)
        if obj.Encoding & (1 << 1):
            obj.Text = uabin.Primitives.Bytes.unpack(data)
        return obj

    def to_string(self):
        # FIXME: use local
        if self.Text is None:
            return ""
        return self.Text.decode('utf-8')

    def __str__(self):
        return 'LocalizedText(' + 'Encoding:' + str(self.Encoding) + ', ' + \
            'Locale:' + str(self.Locale) + ', ' + \
            'Text:' + str(self.Text) + ')'
    __repr__ = __str__

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, LocalizedText) and self.Locale == other.Locale and self.Text == other.Text:
            return True
        return False

    def __ne__(self, other):
        return not self.__eq__(other)


class ExtensionObject(FrozenClass):
    """
    Any UA object packed as an ExtensionObject

    :ivar TypeId:
    :vartype TypeId: NodeId
    :ivar Body:
    :vartype Body: bytes
    """

    def __init__(self):
        self.TypeId = NodeId()
        self.Encoding = 0
        self.Body = b''
        self._freeze = True

    def to_binary(self):
        packet = []
        if self.Body:
            self.Encoding |= (1 << 0)
        packet.append(self.TypeId.to_binary())
        packet.append(uabin.Primitives.UInt8.pack(self.Encoding))
        if self.Body:
            packet.append(uabin.Primitives.ByteString.pack(self.Body))
        return b''.join(packet)

    @staticmethod
    def from_binary(data):
        obj = ExtensionObject()
        obj.TypeId = NodeId.from_binary(data)
        obj.Encoding = uabin.Primitives.UInt8.unpack(data)
        if obj.Encoding & (1 << 0):
            obj.Body = uabin.Primitives.ByteString.unpack(data)
        return obj

    @staticmethod
    def from_object(obj):
        ext = ExtensionObject()
        oid = getattr(ObjectIds, "{0}_Encoding_DefaultBinary".format(obj.__class__.__name__))
        ext.TypeId = FourByteNodeId(oid)
        ext.Body = obj.to_binary()
        return ext

    def __str__(self):
        return 'ExtensionObject(' + 'TypeId:' + str(self.TypeId) + ', ' + \
            'Encoding:' + str(self.Encoding) + ', ' + str(len(self.Body)) + ' bytes)'

    __repr__ = __str__


class VariantType(Enum):
    """
    The possible types of a variant.

    :ivar Null:
    :ivar Boolean:
    :ivar SByte:
    :ivar Byte:
    :ivar Int16:
    :ivar UInt16:
    :ivar Int32:
    :ivar UInt32:
    :ivar Int64:
    :ivar UInt64:
    :ivar Float:
    :ivar Double:
    :ivar String:
    :ivar DateTime:
    :ivar Guid:
    :ivar ByteString:
    :ivar XmlElement:
    :ivar NodeId:
    :ivar ExpandedNodeId:
    :ivar StatusCode:
    :ivar QualifiedName:
    :ivar LocalizedText:
    :ivar ExtensionObject:
    :ivar DataValue:
    :ivar Variant:
    :ivar DiagnosticInfo:
    """

    Null = 0
    Boolean = 1
    SByte = 2
    Byte = 3
    Int16 = 4
    UInt16 = 5
    Int32 = 6
    UInt32 = 7
    Int64 = 8
    UInt64 = 9
    Float = 10
    Double = 11
    String = 12
    DateTime = 13
    Guid = 14
    ByteString = 15
    XmlElement = 16
    NodeId = 17
    ExpandedNodeId = 18
    StatusCode = 19
    QualifiedName = 20
    LocalizedText = 21
    ExtensionObject = 22
    DataValue = 23
    Variant = 24
    DiagnosticInfo = 25


class VariantTypeCustom(object):
    """
    Looks like sometime we get variant with other values than those
    defined in VariantType.
    FIXME: We should not need this class, as far as I iunderstand the spec
    variants can only be of VariantType
    """

    def __init__(self, val):
        self.name = "Custom"
        self.value = val
        if self.value > 0b00111111:
            raise UaError("Cannot create VariantType. VariantType must be {0} > x > {1}, received {2}".format(0b111111, 25, val))

    def __str__(self):
        return "VariantType.Custom:{0}".format(self.value)
    __repr__ = __str__

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return self.value == other.value


class Variant(FrozenClass):
    """
    Create an OPC-UA Variant object.
    if no argument a Null Variant is created.
    if not variant type is given, attemps to guess type from python type
    if a variant is given as value, the new objects becomes a copy of the argument

    :ivar Value:
    :vartype Value: Any supported type
    :ivar VariantType:
    :vartype VariantType: VariantType
    """

    def __init__(self, value=None, varianttype=None, dimensions=None):
        self.Value = value
        self.VariantType = varianttype
        self.Dimensions = dimensions
        self._freeze = True
        if isinstance(value, Variant):
            self.Value = value.Value
            self.VariantType = value.VariantType
        if self.VariantType is None:
            self.VariantType = self._guess_type(self.Value)
        if self.Value is None and self.VariantType not in (
                VariantType.Null,
                VariantType.String,
                VariantType.DateTime):
            raise UaError("Variant of type {0} cannot have value None".format(self.VariantType))
        if self.Dimensions is None and type(self.Value) in (list, tuple):
            dims = get_shape(self.Value)
            if len(dims) > 1:
                self.Dimensions = dims

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, Variant) and self.VariantType == other.VariantType and self.Value == other.Value:
            return True
        return False

    def __ne__(self, other):
        return not self.__eq__(other)

    def _guess_type(self, val):
        if isinstance(val, (list, tuple)):
            error_val = val
        while isinstance(val, (list, tuple)):
            if len(val) == 0:
                raise UaError("could not guess UA type of variable {0}".format(error_val))
            val = val[0]
        if val is None:
            return VariantType.Null
        elif isinstance(val, bool):
            return VariantType.Boolean
        elif isinstance(val, float):
            return VariantType.Double
        elif isinstance(val, int):
            return VariantType.Int64
        elif type(val) in (str, unicode):
            return VariantType.String
        elif isinstance(val, bytes):
            return VariantType.ByteString
        elif isinstance(val, datetime):
            return VariantType.DateTime
        elif isinstance(val, uuid.UUID):
            return VariantType.Guid
        else:
            if isinstance(val, object):
                try:
                    return getattr(VariantType, val.__class__.__name__)
                except AttributeError:
                    return VariantType.ExtensionObject
            else:
                raise UaError("Could not guess UA type of {0} with type {1}, specify UA type".format(val, type(val)))

    def __str__(self):
        return "Variant(val:{0!s},type:{1})".format(self.Value, self.VariantType)
    __repr__ = __str__

    def to_binary(self):
        b = []
        encoding = self.VariantType.value & 0b111111
        if type(self.Value) in (list, tuple):
            if self.Dimensions is not None:
                encoding = uabin.set_bit(encoding, 6)
            encoding = uabin.set_bit(encoding, 7)
            b.append(uabin.Primitives.UInt8.pack(encoding))
            b.append(uabin.pack_uatype_array(self.VariantType, flatten(self.Value)))
            if self.Dimensions is not None:
                b.append(uabin.pack_uatype_array(VariantType.Int32, self.Dimensions))
        else:
            b.append(uabin.Primitives.UInt8.pack(encoding))
            b.append(uabin.pack_uatype(self.VariantType, self.Value))

        return b"".join(b)

    @staticmethod
    def from_binary(data):
        dimensions = None
        encoding = ord(data.read(1))
        int_type = encoding & 0b00111111
        vtype = datatype_to_varianttype(int_type)
        if vtype == VariantType.Null:
            return Variant(None, vtype, encoding)
        if uabin.test_bit(encoding, 7):
            value = uabin.unpack_uatype_array(vtype, data)
        else:
            value = uabin.unpack_uatype(vtype, data)
        if uabin.test_bit(encoding, 6):
            dimensions = uabin.unpack_uatype_array(VariantType.Int32, data)
            value = reshape(value, dimensions)

        return Variant(value, vtype, dimensions)


def reshape(flat, dims):
    subdims = dims[1:]
    subsize = 1
    for i in subdims:
        if i == 0:
            i = 1
        subsize *= i
    while dims[0] * subsize > len(flat):
        flat.append([])
    if not subdims or subdims == [0]:
        return flat
    return [reshape(flat[i: i + subsize], subdims) for i in range(0, len(flat), subsize)]


def _split_list(l, n):
    n = max(1, n)
    return [l[i:i + n] for i in range(0, len(l), n)]


def flatten_and_get_shape(mylist):
    dims = []
    dims.append(len(mylist))
    while isinstance(mylist[0], (list, tuple)):
        dims.append(len(mylist[0]))
        mylist = [item for sublist in mylist for item in sublist]
        if len(mylist) == 0:
            break
    return mylist, dims


def flatten(mylist):
    if len(mylist) == 0:
        return mylist
    while isinstance(mylist[0], (list, tuple)):
        mylist = [item for sublist in mylist for item in sublist]
        if len(mylist) == 0:
            break
    return mylist


def get_shape(mylist):
    dims = []
    while isinstance(mylist, (list, tuple)):
        dims.append(len(mylist))
        if len(mylist) == 0:
            break
        mylist = mylist[0]
    return dims


class XmlElement(FrozenClass):
    """
    An XML element encoded as an UTF-8 string.
    """

    def __init__(self, binary=None):
        if binary is not None:
            self._binary_init(binary)
            self._freeze = True
            return
        self.Value = []
        self._freeze = True

    def to_binary(self):
        return uabin.Primitives.String.pack(self.Value)

    @staticmethod
    def from_binary(data):
        return XmlElement(data)

    def _binary_init(self, data):
        self.Value = uabin.Primitives.String.unpack(data)

    def __str__(self):
        return 'XmlElement(Value:' + str(self.Value) + ')'

    __repr__ = __str__


class DataValue(FrozenClass):
    """
    A value with an associated timestamp, and quality.
    Automatically generated from xml , copied and modified here to fix errors in xml spec

    :ivar Value:
    :vartype Value: Variant
    :ivar StatusCode:
    :vartype StatusCode: StatusCode
    :ivar SourceTimestamp:
    :vartype SourceTimestamp: datetime
    :ivar SourcePicoSeconds:
    :vartype SourcePicoSeconds: int
    :ivar ServerTimestamp:
    :vartype ServerTimestamp: datetime
    :ivar ServerPicoseconds:
    :vartype ServerPicoseconds: int
    """

    def __init__(self, variant=None, status=None):
        self.Encoding = 0
        if not isinstance(variant, Variant):
            variant = Variant(variant)
        self.Value = variant
        if status is None:
            self.StatusCode = StatusCode()
        else:
            self.StatusCode = status
        self.SourceTimestamp = None  # DateTime()
        self.SourcePicoseconds = None
        self.ServerTimestamp = None  # DateTime()
        self.ServerPicoseconds = None
        self._freeze = True

    def to_binary(self):
        packet = []
        if self.Value:
            self.Encoding |= (1 << 0)
        if self.StatusCode:
            self.Encoding |= (1 << 1)
        if self.SourceTimestamp:
            self.Encoding |= (1 << 2)
        if self.ServerTimestamp:
            self.Encoding |= (1 << 3)
        if self.SourcePicoseconds:
            self.Encoding |= (1 << 4)
        if self.ServerPicoseconds:
            self.Encoding |= (1 << 5)
        packet.append(uabin.Primitives.UInt8.pack(self.Encoding))
        if self.Value:
            packet.append(self.Value.to_binary())
        if self.StatusCode:
            packet.append(self.StatusCode.to_binary())
        if self.SourceTimestamp:
            packet.append(uabin.Primitives.DateTime.pack(self.SourceTimestamp))  # self.SourceTimestamp.to_binary())
        if self.ServerTimestamp:
            packet.append(uabin.Primitives.DateTime.pack(self.ServerTimestamp))  # self.ServerTimestamp.to_binary())
        if self.SourcePicoseconds:
            packet.append(uabin.Primitives.UInt16.pack(self.SourcePicoseconds))
        if self.ServerPicoseconds:
            packet.append(uabin.Primitives.UInt16.pack(self.ServerPicoseconds))
        return b''.join(packet)

    @staticmethod
    def from_binary(data):
        encoding = ord(data.read(1))
        if encoding & (1 << 0):
            value = Variant.from_binary(data)
        else:
            value = None
        if encoding & (1 << 1):
            status = StatusCode.from_binary(data)
        else:
            status = None
        obj = DataValue(value, status)
        obj.Encoding = encoding
        if obj.Encoding & (1 << 2):
            obj.SourceTimestamp = uabin.Primitives.DateTime.unpack(data)  # DateTime.from_binary(data)
        if obj.Encoding & (1 << 3):
            obj.ServerTimestamp = uabin.Primitives.DateTime.unpack(data)  # DateTime.from_binary(data)
        if obj.Encoding & (1 << 4):
            obj.SourcePicoseconds = uabin.Primitives.UInt16.unpack(data)
        if obj.Encoding & (1 << 5):
            obj.ServerPicoseconds = uabin.Primitives.UInt16.unpack(data)
        return obj

    def __str__(self):
        s = 'DataValue(Value:{0}'.format(self.Value)
        if self.StatusCode is not None:
            s += ', StatusCode:{0}'.format(self.StatusCode)
        if self.SourceTimestamp is not None:
            s += ', SourceTimestamp:{0}'.format(self.SourceTimestamp)
        if self.ServerTimestamp is not None:
            s += ', ServerTimestamp:{0}'.format(self.ServerTimestamp)
        if self.SourcePicoseconds is not None:
            s += ', SourcePicoseconds:{0}'.format(self.SourcePicoseconds)
        if self.ServerPicoseconds is not None:
            s += ', ServerPicoseconds:{0}'.format(self.ServerPicoseconds)
        s += ')'
        return s

    __repr__ = __str__


def datatype_to_varianttype(int_type):
    """
    Takes a NodeId or int and return a VariantType
    This is only supported if int_type < 63 due to VariantType encoding
    At low level we do not have access to address space thus decoding is limited
    a better version of this method can be find in ua_utils.py
    """
    if isinstance(int_type, NodeId):
        int_type = int_type.Identifier

    if int_type <= 25:
        return VariantType(int_type)
    else:
        return VariantTypeCustom(int_type)


def get_default_value(vtype):
    """
    Given a variant type return default value for this type
    """
    if vtype == VariantType.Null:
        return None
    elif vtype == VariantType.Boolean:
        return False
    elif vtype in (VariantType.SByte, VariantType.Byte, VariantType.ByteString):
        return b""
    elif 4 <= vtype.value <= 9:
        return 0
    elif vtype in (VariantType.Float, VariantType.Double):
        return 0.0
    elif vtype == VariantType.String:
        return None  # a string can be null
    elif vtype == VariantType.DateTime:
        return datetime.now()
    elif vtype == VariantType.Guid:
        return uuid.uuid4()
    elif vtype == VariantType.XmlElement:
        return None  #Not sure this is correct
    elif vtype == VariantType.NodeId:
        return NodeId()
    elif vtype == VariantType.ExpandedNodeId:
        return NodeId()
    elif vtype == VariantType.StatusCode:
        return StatusCode()
    elif vtype == VariantType.QualifiedName:
        return QualifiedName()
    elif vtype == VariantType.LocalizedText:
        return LocalizedText()
    elif vtype == VariantType.ExtensionObject:
        return ExtensionObject()
    elif vtype == VariantType.DataValue:
        return DataValue()
    elif vtype == VariantType.Variant:
        return Variant()
    else:
        raise RuntimeError("function take a uatype as argument, got:", vtype)