PyramidGL.cpp

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#pragma GCC diagnostic warning "-Wuninitialized"

//      File:           PyramidGL.cpp
//      Author:         Changchang Wu
//      Description : implementation of PyramidGL/PyramidNaive/PyramidPackdc .
//
//
//      Copyright (c) 2007 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
//      All Rights Reserved
//
//      Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its
//      documentation for educational, research and non-profit purposes, without
//      fee, and without a written agreement is hereby granted, provided that the
//      above copyright notice and the following paragraph appear in all copies.
//      
//      The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill make no representations
//      about the suitability of this software for any purpose. It is provided
//      'as is' without express or implied warranty. 
//
//      Please send BUG REPORTS to ccwu@cs.unc.edu
//

#include "GL/glew.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <fstream>
#include <math.h>
#include <string.h>
using namespace std;

#include "GlobalUtil.h"
#include "GLTexImage.h"
#include "SiftGPU.h"
#include "ShaderMan.h"
#include "SiftPyramid.h"
#include "ProgramGLSL.h"
#include "PyramidGL.h"
#include "FrameBufferObject.h"


#if defined(__SSE__) || _MSC_VER > 1200
#define USE_SSE_FOR_SIFTGPU
#include <xmmintrin.h>
#else
//#pragma message( "SSE optimization off!\n" )
#endif


#define USE_TIMING()            double t, t0, tt;
#define OCTAVE_START()          if(GlobalUtil::_timingO){       t = t0 = CLOCK();       cout<<"#"<<i+_down_sample_factor<<"\t"; }
#define LEVEL_FINISH()          if(GlobalUtil::_timingL){       glFinish();     tt = CLOCK();cout<<(tt-t)<<"\t";        t = CLOCK();}
#define OCTAVE_FINISH()         if(GlobalUtil::_timingO)cout<<"|\t"<<(CLOCK()-t0)<<endl;


// Construction/Destruction
PyramidNaive::PyramidNaive(SiftParam& sp): PyramidGL(sp)
{
        _texPyramid = NULL;
        _auxPyramid = NULL;
}

PyramidNaive::~PyramidNaive()
{
        DestroyPyramidData();
}

//align must be 2^i
void PyramidGL::	GetAlignedStorageSize(int num, int align,  int &fw, int &fh)
{
        if(num <=0)
        {
                fw = fh = 0;
        }else if(num < align*align)
        {
                fw = align;
                fh = (int)ceil(double(num) / fw);
        }else if(GlobalUtil::_NarrowFeatureTex)
        {
                double dn = double(num);
                int nb = (int) ceil(dn/GlobalUtil::_texMaxDim/align);   
                fw = align * nb;        
                fh = (int)ceil(dn /fw);
        }else
        {
                double dn = double(num);
                int nb = (int) ceil(dn/GlobalUtil::_texMaxDim/align);
                fh = align * nb;
                if(nb <=1)
                {
                        fw = (int)ceil(dn / fh);
                        //align this dimension to blocksize
                        fw = ((int) ceil(double(fw) /align))*align;
                }else
                {
                        fw = GlobalUtil::_texMaxDim;
                }

        }


}

void PyramidGL::GetTextureStorageSize(int num, int &fw, int& fh)
{
        if(num <=0)
        {
                fw = fh = 0;
        }else if(num <= GlobalUtil::_FeatureTexBlock)
        {
                fw = num;
                fh = 1;
        }else if(GlobalUtil::_NarrowFeatureTex)
        {
                double dn = double(num);
                int nb = (int) ceil(dn/GlobalUtil::_texMaxDim/GlobalUtil::_FeatureTexBlock);    
                fw = GlobalUtil::_FeatureTexBlock * nb; 
                fh = (int)ceil(dn /fw);
        }else
        {
                double dn = double(num);
                int nb = (int) ceil(dn/GlobalUtil::_texMaxDim/GlobalUtil::_FeatureTexBlock);
                fh = GlobalUtil::_FeatureTexBlock * nb;
                if(nb <=1)
                {
                        fw = (int)ceil(dn / fh);

                        //align this dimension to blocksize

                        //
                        if( fw < fh)
                        {
                                int temp = fh;
                                fh = fw;
                                fw = temp;
                        }
                }else
                {
                        fw = GlobalUtil::_texMaxDim;
                }
        }
}

void PyramidNaive::DestroyPyramidData()
{
        if(_texPyramid)
        {
                delete [] _texPyramid;
                _texPyramid = NULL;
        }
        if(_auxPyramid)
        {
                delete [] _auxPyramid;  
                _auxPyramid = NULL;
        }
}
PyramidGL::PyramidGL(SiftParam &sp):SiftPyramid(sp)
{
        _featureTex = NULL;
        _orientationTex = NULL;
        _descriptorTex = NULL;
        _histoPyramidTex = NULL;        
    InitializeContext();
}

PyramidGL::~PyramidGL()
{
        DestroyPerLevelData();
        DestroySharedData();
        ShaderMan::DestroyShaders();
}

void PyramidGL::InitializeContext()
{
    GlobalUtil::InitGLParam(0);
    if(!GlobalUtil::_GoodOpenGL) return;

        ShaderMan::InitShaderMan(param);
}

void PyramidGL::DestroyPerLevelData()
{
        //integers vector to store the feature numbers.
        if(_levelFeatureNum)
        {
                delete [] _levelFeatureNum;
                _levelFeatureNum = NULL;
        }
        //texture used to store features
        if(     _featureTex)
        {
                delete [] _featureTex;
                _featureTex =   NULL;
        }
        //texture used for multi-orientation 
        if(_orientationTex)
        {
                delete [] _orientationTex;
                _orientationTex = NULL;
        }
        int no = _octave_num* param._dog_level_num;

        //two sets of vbos used to display the features
        if(_featureDisplayVBO)
        {
                glDeleteBuffers(no, _featureDisplayVBO);
                delete [] _featureDisplayVBO;
                _featureDisplayVBO = NULL;
        }
        if( _featurePointVBO)
        {
                glDeleteBuffers(no, _featurePointVBO);
                delete [] _featurePointVBO;
                _featurePointVBO = NULL;
        }

}

void PyramidGL::DestroySharedData()
{
        //histogram reduction
        if(_histoPyramidTex)
        {
                delete[]        _histoPyramidTex;
                _hpLevelNum = 0;
                _histoPyramidTex = NULL;
        }

        //descriptor storage shared by all levels
        if(_descriptorTex)
        {
                delete [] _descriptorTex;
                _descriptorTex = NULL;
        }
        //cpu reduction buffer.
        if(_histo_buffer)
        {
                delete[] _histo_buffer;
                _histo_buffer = 0;
        }
}

void PyramidNaive::FitHistogramPyramid()
{
        GLTexImage * tex, *htex;
        int hist_level_num = _hpLevelNum - _pyramid_octave_first; 

        tex = GetBaseLevel(_octave_min , DATA_KEYPOINT) + 2;
        htex = _histoPyramidTex + hist_level_num - 1;
        int w = tex->GetImgWidth() >> 1;
        int h = tex->GetImgHeight() >> 1;

        for(int k = 0; k <hist_level_num -1; k++, htex--)
        {
                if(htex->GetImgHeight()!= h || htex->GetImgWidth() != w)
                {       
                        htex->SetImageSize(w, h);
                        htex->ZeroHistoMargin();
                }

                w = (w + 1)>>1; h = (h + 1) >> 1;
        }
}

void PyramidNaive::FitPyramid(int w, int h)
{
        //(w, h) <= (_pyramid_width, _pyramid_height);

        _pyramid_octave_first = 0;
        //
        _octave_num  = GlobalUtil::_octave_num_default;

        int _octave_num_max = GetRequiredOctaveNum(min(w, h));

        if(_octave_num < 1 || _octave_num > _octave_num_max) 
        {
                _octave_num = _octave_num_max;
        }


        int pw = _pyramid_width>>1, ph = _pyramid_height>>1;
        while(_pyramid_octave_first + _octave_num < _pyramid_octave_num &&  
                pw >= w && ph >= h)
        {
                _pyramid_octave_first++;
                pw >>= 1;
                ph >>= 1;
        }

        for(int i = 0; i < _octave_num; i++)
        {
                GLTexImage * tex = GetBaseLevel(i + _octave_min);
                GLTexImage * aux = GetBaseLevel(i + _octave_min, DATA_KEYPOINT);
                for(int j = param._level_min; j <= param._level_max; j++, tex++, aux++)
                {
                        tex->SetImageSize(w, h);
                        aux->SetImageSize(w, h);
                }
                w>>=1;
                h>>=1;
        }
}
void PyramidNaive::InitPyramid(int w, int h, int ds)
{
        int wp, hp, toobig = 0;
        if(ds == 0)
        {
                _down_sample_factor = 0;
                if(GlobalUtil::_octave_min_default>=0)
                {
                        wp = w >> GlobalUtil::_octave_min_default;
                        hp = h >> GlobalUtil::_octave_min_default;
                }else 
                {
                        wp = w << (-GlobalUtil::_octave_min_default);
                        hp = h << (-GlobalUtil::_octave_min_default);
                }
                _octave_min = _octave_min_default;
        }else
        {
                //must use 0 as _octave_min; 
                _octave_min = 0;
                _down_sample_factor = ds;
                w >>= ds;
                h >>= ds;
                wp = w;
                hp = h; 

        }

        while(wp > GlobalUtil::_texMaxDim || hp > GlobalUtil::_texMaxDim)
        {
                _octave_min ++;
                wp >>= 1;
                hp >>= 1;
                toobig = 1;
        }

        while(GlobalUtil::_MemCapGPU > 0 && GlobalUtil::_FitMemoryCap  && (wp >_pyramid_width || hp > _pyramid_height) &&
                max(max(wp, hp), max(_pyramid_width, _pyramid_height)) >  1024 * sqrt(GlobalUtil::_MemCapGPU / 140.0))
        {
                _octave_min ++;
                wp >>= 1;
                hp >>= 1;
                toobig = 2;
        }

        if(toobig && GlobalUtil::_verbose)
        {
                std::cout<<(toobig == 2 ? "[**SKIP OCTAVES**]:\tExceeding Memory Cap (-nomc)\n" :
                                        "[**SKIP OCTAVES**]:\tReaching the dimension limit (-maxd)!\n");
        }

        if( wp == _pyramid_width && hp == _pyramid_height && _allocated )
        {
                FitPyramid(wp, hp);
        }else if(GlobalUtil::_ForceTightPyramid || _allocated ==0)
        {
                ResizePyramid(wp, hp);
        }
        else if( wp > _pyramid_width || hp > _pyramid_height )
        {
                ResizePyramid(max(wp, _pyramid_width), max(hp, _pyramid_height));
                if(wp < _pyramid_width || hp < _pyramid_height)  FitPyramid(wp, hp);
        }
        else
        {
                //try use the pyramid allocated for large image on small input images
                FitPyramid(wp, hp);
        }

        //select the initial smoothing filter according to the new _octave_min
        ShaderMan::SelectInitialSmoothingFilter(_octave_min + _down_sample_factor, param);
}

void PyramidNaive::ResizePyramid( int w,  int h)
{
        //
        unsigned int totalkb = 0;
        int _octave_num_new, input_sz;
        int i, j;
        GLTexImage * tex, *aux;
        //

        if(_pyramid_width == w && _pyramid_height == h && _allocated) return;

        if(w > GlobalUtil::_texMaxDim || h > GlobalUtil::_texMaxDim) return ;

        if(GlobalUtil::_verbose && GlobalUtil::_timingS) std::cout<<"[Allocate Pyramid]:\t" <<w<<"x"<<h<<endl;
        //first octave does not change
        _pyramid_octave_first = 0;

        
        //compute # of octaves

        input_sz = min(w,h) ;


        _pyramid_width =  w;
        _pyramid_height =  h;

        //reset to preset parameters
        _octave_num_new  = GlobalUtil::_octave_num_default;

        if(_octave_num_new < 1) _octave_num_new = GetRequiredOctaveNum(input_sz)  ;

        if(_pyramid_octave_num != _octave_num_new)
        {
                //destroy the original pyramid if the # of octave changes
                if(_octave_num >0)
                {
                        DestroyPerLevelData();
                        DestroyPyramidData();
                }
                _pyramid_octave_num = _octave_num_new;
        }

        _octave_num = _pyramid_octave_num;

        int noct = _octave_num;
        int nlev = param._level_num;

        //      //initialize the pyramid
        if(_texPyramid==NULL)   _texPyramid = new GLTexImage[ noct* nlev ];
        if(_auxPyramid==NULL)   _auxPyramid = new GLTexImage[ noct* nlev ];


        tex = GetBaseLevel(_octave_min, DATA_GAUSSIAN);
        aux = GetBaseLevel(_octave_min, DATA_KEYPOINT);
        for(i = 0; i< noct; i++)
        {
                totalkb += (nlev * w * h * 16 / 1024);
                for( j = 0; j< nlev; j++, tex++)
                {
                        tex->InitTexture(w, h);
                        //tex->AttachToFBO(0);
                }
                //several auxilary textures are not actually required
                totalkb += ((nlev - 3) * w * h * 16 /1024);
                for( j = 0; j< nlev ; j++, aux++)
                {
                        if(j < 2) continue;
                        if(j >= nlev - 1) continue;
                        aux->InitTexture(w, h, 0);
                        //aux->AttachToFBO(0);
                }

                w>>=1;
                h>>=1;
        }

        totalkb += ResizeFeatureStorage();


        //
        _allocated = 1;

        if(GlobalUtil::_verbose && GlobalUtil::_timingS) std::cout<<"[Allocate Pyramid]:\t" <<(totalkb/1024)<<"MB\n";

}


int PyramidGL::ResizeFeatureStorage()
{
        int totalkb = 0;
        if(_levelFeatureNum==NULL)      _levelFeatureNum = new int[_octave_num * param._dog_level_num];
        std::fill(_levelFeatureNum, _levelFeatureNum+_octave_num * param._dog_level_num, 0); 

        int wmax = GetBaseLevel(_octave_min)->GetDrawWidth();
        int hmax = GetBaseLevel(_octave_min)->GetDrawHeight();
        int w ,h, i;

        //use a fbo to initialize textures..
        FrameBufferObject fbo;
        
        //
        if(_histo_buffer == NULL) _histo_buffer = new float[((size_t)1) << (2 + 2 * GlobalUtil::_ListGenSkipGPU)];
        //histogram for feature detection

        int num = (int)ceil(log(double(max(wmax, hmax)))/log(2.0));

        if( _hpLevelNum != num)
        {
                _hpLevelNum = num;
                if(GlobalUtil::_ListGenGPU)
                {
                        if(_histoPyramidTex ) delete [] _histoPyramidTex;
                        _histoPyramidTex = new GLTexImage[_hpLevelNum];
                        w = h = 1 ;
                        for(i = 0; i < _hpLevelNum; i++)
                        {
                                _histoPyramidTex[i].InitTexture(w, h, 0);
                                _histoPyramidTex[i].AttachToFBO(0);
                                w<<=1;
                                h<<=1;
                        }
                }
        }

        // (4 ^ (_hpLevelNum) -1 / 3) pixels
        if(GlobalUtil::_ListGenGPU) totalkb += (((1 << (2 * _hpLevelNum)) -1) / 3 * 16 / 1024);



        //initialize the feature texture

        int idx = 0, n = _octave_num * param._dog_level_num;
        if(_featureTex==NULL)   _featureTex = new GLTexImage[n];
        if(GlobalUtil::_MaxOrientation >1 && GlobalUtil::_OrientationPack2==0)
        {
                if(_orientationTex== NULL)              _orientationTex = new GLTexImage[n];
        }


        for(i = 0; i < _octave_num; i++)
        {
                GLTexImage * tex = GetBaseLevel(i+_octave_min);
                int fmax = int(tex->GetImgWidth()*tex->GetImgHeight()*GlobalUtil::_MaxFeaturePercent);
                int fw, fh;
                //
                if(fmax > GlobalUtil::_MaxLevelFeatureNum) fmax = GlobalUtil::_MaxLevelFeatureNum;
                else if(fmax < 32) fmax = 32;   //give it at least a space of 32 feature

                GetTextureStorageSize(fmax, fw, fh);
                
                for(int j = 0; j < param._dog_level_num; j++, idx++)
                {

                        _featureTex[idx].InitTexture(fw, fh, 0);
                        _featureTex[idx].AttachToFBO(0);
                        //
                        if(_orientationTex)
                        {
                                _orientationTex[idx].InitTexture(fw, fh, 0);
                                _orientationTex[idx].AttachToFBO(0);
                        }
                }
                totalkb += fw * fh * 16 * param._dog_level_num * (_orientationTex? 2 : 1) /1024;
        }


        //this just need be initialized once
        if(_descriptorTex==NULL)
        {
                //initialize feature texture pyramid
                wmax = _featureTex->GetImgWidth();
                hmax = _featureTex->GetImgHeight();

                int nf, ns;
                if(GlobalUtil::_DescriptorPPT)
                {
                        //32*4 = 128. 
                        nf = 32 / GlobalUtil::_DescriptorPPT;   // how many textures we need
                        ns = max(4, GlobalUtil::_DescriptorPPT);                    // how many point in one texture for one descriptor
                }else
                {
                        //at least one, resue for visualization and other work
                        nf = 1; ns = 4;
                }
                //
                _alignment = ns;
                //
                _descriptorTex = new GLTexImage[nf];

                int fw, fh;
                GetAlignedStorageSize(hmax*wmax* max(ns, 10), _alignment, fw, fh);

                if(fh < hmax ) fh = hmax;
                if(fw < wmax ) fw = wmax;

                totalkb += ( fw * fh * nf * 16 /1024);
                for(i =0; i < nf; i++)
                {
                        _descriptorTex[i].InitTexture(fw, fh);
                }
        }else
        {
                int nf = GlobalUtil::_DescriptorPPT? 32 / GlobalUtil::_DescriptorPPT: 1;
                totalkb += nf * _descriptorTex[0].GetTexWidth() * _descriptorTex[0].GetTexHeight() * 16 /1024;
        }
        return totalkb;
}


void PyramidNaive::BuildPyramid(GLTexInput *input)
{
        USE_TIMING();
        GLTexPacked * tex;
        FilterProgram** filter;
        FrameBufferObject fbo;

        glDrawBuffer(GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT);
        input->FitTexViewPort();

        for (int i = _octave_min; i < _octave_min + _octave_num; i++)
        {

                tex = (GLTexPacked*)GetBaseLevel(i);
                filter = ShaderMan::s_bag->f_gaussian_step;

                OCTAVE_START();

                if( i == _octave_min )
                {
                        if(i < 0)       TextureUpSample(tex, input, 1<<(-i)     );                      
                        else        TextureDownSample(tex, input, 1<<i);
                ShaderMan::FilterInitialImage(tex, NULL);
                }else
                {
                        TextureDownSample(tex, GetLevelTexture(i-1, param._level_ds)); 
            ShaderMan::FilterSampledImage(tex, NULL); 
        }
                LEVEL_FINISH();

                for(int j = param._level_min + 1; j <=  param._level_max ; j++, tex++, filter++)
                {
                        // filtering
            ShaderMan::FilterImage(*filter, tex+1, tex, NULL);
                        LEVEL_FINISH();
                }
                OCTAVE_FINISH();

        }
        if(GlobalUtil::_timingS)        glFinish();
        UnloadProgram();
}






GLTexImage*  PyramidNaive::GetLevelTexture(int octave, int level, int dataName)
{
        if(octave <_octave_min || octave > _octave_min + _octave_num) return NULL;
        switch(dataName)
        {
                case DATA_GAUSSIAN:
                case DATA_DOG:
                case DATA_GRAD:
                case DATA_ROT:
                        return _texPyramid+ (_pyramid_octave_first + octave - _octave_min) * param._level_num + (level - param._level_min);
                case DATA_KEYPOINT:
                        return _auxPyramid + (_pyramid_octave_first + octave - _octave_min) * param._level_num + (level - param._level_min);
                default:
                        return NULL;
        }
}

GLTexImage*  PyramidNaive::GetLevelTexture(int octave, int level)
{
        return _texPyramid+ (_pyramid_octave_first + octave - _octave_min) * param._level_num 
                + (level - param._level_min);
}

//in the packed implementation
// DATA_GAUSSIAN, DATA_DOG, DATA_GAD will be stored in different textures.
GLTexImage*  PyramidNaive::GetBaseLevel(int octave, int dataName)
{
        if(octave <_octave_min || octave > _octave_min + _octave_num) return NULL;
        switch(dataName)
        {
                case DATA_GAUSSIAN:
                case DATA_DOG:
                case DATA_GRAD:
                case DATA_ROT:
                        return _texPyramid+ (_pyramid_octave_first + octave - _octave_min) * param._level_num;
                case DATA_KEYPOINT:
                        return _auxPyramid + (_pyramid_octave_first + octave - _octave_min) * param._level_num;
                default:
                        return NULL;
        }
}









void PyramidNaive::ComputeGradient()
{

        int i, j;
        double  ts, t1;
        GLTexImage * tex;
        FrameBufferObject fbo;


        if(GlobalUtil::_timingS && GlobalUtil::_verbose)ts = CLOCK();
        
        glDrawBuffer(GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT);

        for ( i = _octave_min; i < _octave_min + _octave_num; i++)
        {
                for( j = param._level_min + 1 ; j < param._level_max ; j++)
                {
                        tex = GetLevelTexture(i, j);
                        tex->FitTexViewPort();
                        tex->AttachToFBO(0);
                        tex->BindTex();
                        ShaderMan::UseShaderGradientPass();
                        tex->DrawQuadMT4();
                }
        }               

        if(GlobalUtil::_timingS && GlobalUtil::_verbose)
        {
                glFinish();
                t1 = CLOCK();   
                std::cout<<"<Compute Gradient>\t"<<(t1-ts)<<"\n";
        }

        UnloadProgram();
        GLTexImage::UnbindMultiTex(3);
        fbo.UnattachTex(GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT1_EXT);
}


//keypoint detection with subpixel localization
void PyramidNaive::DetectKeypointsEX()
{
        int i, j;
        double t0, t, ts, t1, t2;
        GLTexImage * tex, *aux;
        FrameBufferObject fbo;

        if(GlobalUtil::_timingS && GlobalUtil::_verbose)ts = CLOCK();
        
        glDrawBuffer(GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT);
        //extra gradient data required for visualization
        int gradient_only_levels[2] = {param._level_min +1, param._level_max};
        int n_gradient_only_level = GlobalUtil::_UseSiftGPUEX ? 2 : 1;
        for ( i = _octave_min; i < _octave_min + _octave_num; i++)
        {
                for( j =0; j < n_gradient_only_level ; j++)
                {
                        tex = GetLevelTexture(i, gradient_only_levels[j]);
                        tex->FitTexViewPort();
                        tex->AttachToFBO(0);
                        tex->BindTex();
                        ShaderMan::UseShaderGradientPass();
                        tex->DrawQuadMT4();
                }
        }               

        if(GlobalUtil::_timingS && GlobalUtil::_verbose)
        {
                glFinish();
                t1 = CLOCK();
        }

        GLenum buffers[] = { GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT1_EXT };
        glDrawBuffers(2, buffers);
        for ( i = _octave_min; i < _octave_min + _octave_num; i++)
        {
                if(GlobalUtil::_timingO)
                {
                        t0 = CLOCK();
                        std::cout<<"#"<<(i + _down_sample_factor)<<"\t";
                }
                tex = GetBaseLevel(i) + 2;
                aux = GetBaseLevel(i, DATA_KEYPOINT) +2;
                aux->FitTexViewPort();

                for( j = param._level_min + 2; j <  param._level_max ; j++, aux++, tex++)
                {
                        if(GlobalUtil::_timingL)t = CLOCK();            
                        tex->AttachToFBO(0);
                        aux->AttachToFBO(1);
                        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
                        tex->BindTex();
                        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
                        (tex+1)->BindTex();
                        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE2);
                        (tex-1)->BindTex();
                        ShaderMan::UseShaderKeypoint((tex+1)->GetTexID(), (tex-1)->GetTexID());
                        aux->DrawQuadMT8();
        
                        if(GlobalUtil::_timingL)
                        {
                                glFinish();
                                std::cout<<(CLOCK()-t)<<"\t";
                        }
                        tex->DetachFBO(0);
                        aux->DetachFBO(1);
                }
                if(GlobalUtil::_timingO)
                {
                        std::cout<<"|\t"<<(CLOCK()-t0)<<"\n";
                }
        }

        if(GlobalUtil::_timingS)
        {
                glFinish();
                t2 = CLOCK();
                if(GlobalUtil::_verbose) 
                        std::cout       <<"<Get Keypoints ..  >\t"<<(t2-t1)<<"\n"
                                                <<"<Extra Gradient..  >\t"<<(t1-ts)<<"\n";
        }
        UnloadProgram();
        GLTexImage::UnbindMultiTex(3);
        fbo.UnattachTex(GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT1_EXT);


}

void PyramidNaive::GenerateFeatureList(int i, int j)
{
        int hist_level_num = _hpLevelNum - _pyramid_octave_first; 
        int hist_skip_gpu = GlobalUtil::_ListGenSkipGPU; 
    int idx = i * param._dog_level_num + j;
    GLTexImage* htex, *ftex, *tex;
        tex = GetBaseLevel(_octave_min + i, DATA_KEYPOINT) + 2 + j;
    ftex = _featureTex + idx;
        htex = _histoPyramidTex + hist_level_num - 1 - i;

        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
        tex->BindTex();
        htex->AttachToFBO(0);
        int tight = ((htex->GetImgWidth() * 2 == tex->GetImgWidth() -1 || tex->GetTexWidth() == tex->GetImgWidth()) &&
                                 (htex->GetImgHeight() *2 == tex->GetImgHeight()-1 || tex->GetTexHeight() == tex->GetImgHeight()));
        ShaderMan::UseShaderGenListInit(tex->GetImgWidth(), tex->GetImgHeight(), tight);
        htex->FitTexViewPort();
        //this uses the fact that no feature is on the edge.
        htex->DrawQuadReduction();

        //reduction..
        htex--;

        //this part might have problems on several GPUS
        //because the output of one pass is the input of the next pass
        //need to call glFinish to make it right
        //but too much glFinish makes it slow
        for(int k = 0; k <hist_level_num - i - 1 - hist_skip_gpu; k++, htex--)
        {
                htex->AttachToFBO(0);
                htex->FitTexViewPort();
                (htex+1)->BindTex();
                ShaderMan::UseShaderGenListHisto();
                htex->DrawQuadReduction();                                      
        }

        //
        if(hist_skip_gpu == 0)
        {       
                //read back one pixel
                float fn[4], fcount;
                glReadPixels(0, 0, 1, 1, GL_RGBA , GL_FLOAT, fn);
                fcount = (fn[0] + fn[1] + fn[2] + fn[3]);
                if(fcount < 1) fcount = 0;


                _levelFeatureNum[ idx] = (int)(fcount);
                SetLevelFeatureNum(idx, (int)fcount);
                _featureNum += int(fcount);

                //
                if(fcount < 1.0) return;
        


                htex=  _histoPyramidTex;

                htex->BindTex();

                //first pass
                ftex->AttachToFBO(0);
                if(GlobalUtil::_MaxOrientation>1)
                {
                        //this is very important...
                        ftex->FitRealTexViewPort();
                        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
                        glFinish();
                }else
                {
                        ftex->FitTexViewPort();
            //glFinish();
                }


                ShaderMan::UseShaderGenListStart((float)ftex->GetImgWidth(), htex->GetTexID());

                ftex->DrawQuad();
                //make sure it finishes before the next step
                ftex->DetachFBO(0);

                //pass on each pyramid level
                htex++;
        }else
        {

                int tw = htex[1].GetDrawWidth(), th = htex[1].GetDrawHeight();
                int fc = 0;
                glReadPixels(0, 0, tw, th, GL_RGBA , GL_FLOAT, _histo_buffer);  
                _keypoint_buffer.resize(0);
                for(int y = 0, pos = 0; y < th; y++)
                {
                        for(int x= 0; x < tw; x++)
                        {
                                for(int c = 0; c < 4; c++, pos++)
                                {
                                        int ss =  (int) _histo_buffer[pos]; 
                                        if(ss == 0) continue;
                                        float ft[4] = {2 * x + (c%2? 1.5f:  0.5f), 2 * y + (c>=2? 1.5f: 0.5f), 0, 1 };
                                        for(int t = 0; t < ss; t++)
                                        {
                                                ft[2] = (float) t; 
                                                _keypoint_buffer.insert(_keypoint_buffer.end(), ft, ft+4);
                                        }
                                        fc += (int)ss; 
                                }
                        }
                }
                _levelFeatureNum[ idx] = fc;
                SetLevelFeatureNum(idx, fc);
                if(fc == 0)  return;
        _featureNum += fc;
                ftex->AttachToFBO(0);
                if(GlobalUtil::_MaxOrientation>1)
                {
                        ftex->FitRealTexViewPort();
                        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
                        glFlush();
                }else
                {                                       
                        ftex->FitTexViewPort();
                        glFlush();
                }
                _keypoint_buffer.resize(ftex->GetDrawWidth() * ftex->GetDrawHeight()*4, 0);
                glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
                ftex->BindTex();
                glTexSubImage2D(GlobalUtil::_texTarget, 0, 0, 0, ftex->GetDrawWidth(),
                        ftex->GetDrawHeight(), GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, &_keypoint_buffer[0]);
                htex += 2;
        }

        for(int lev = 1 + hist_skip_gpu; lev < hist_level_num  - i; lev++, htex++)
        {

                glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
                ftex->BindTex();
                ftex->AttachToFBO(0);
                glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
                htex->BindTex();
                ShaderMan::UseShaderGenListStep(ftex->GetTexID(), htex->GetTexID());
                ftex->DrawQuad();
                ftex->DetachFBO(0);     
        }
        GLTexImage::UnbindMultiTex(2);

}

//generate feature list on GPU
void PyramidNaive::GenerateFeatureList()
{
        //generate the histogram0pyramid
        FrameBufferObject fbo;
        glReadBuffer(GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT);
        glDrawBuffer(GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT);
        double t1, t2; 
        int ocount, reverse = (GlobalUtil::_TruncateMethod == 1);
        _featureNum = 0;

        FitHistogramPyramid();

        //for(int i = 0, idx = 0; i < _octave_num; i++)
    FOR_EACH_OCTAVE(i, reverse)
        {
                //output
                if(GlobalUtil::_timingO)
                {
            t1= CLOCK();
                        ocount = 0;
                        std::cout<<"#"<<i+_octave_min + _down_sample_factor<<":\t";
                }
                //for(int j = 0; j < param._dog_level_num; j++, idx++)
        FOR_EACH_LEVEL(j, reverse)
        {

            if(GlobalUtil::_TruncateMethod && GlobalUtil::_FeatureCountThreshold > 0
                                && _featureNum > GlobalUtil::_FeatureCountThreshold) 
                        {
                                _levelFeatureNum[i * param._dog_level_num + j] = 0;
                                continue;
                        }else
                        {
                                GenerateFeatureList(i, j); 
                                if(GlobalUtil::_timingO)        
                                {
                                        int idx = i * param._dog_level_num + j;
                                        std::cout<< _levelFeatureNum[idx] <<"\t";
                                        ocount += _levelFeatureNum[idx];
                                }
                        }
                }
                if(GlobalUtil::_timingO)
                {       
                        t2 = CLOCK(); 
                        std::cout << "| \t" << int(ocount) << " :\t(" << (t2 - t1) << ")\n";
                }
        }
        if(GlobalUtil::_timingS)glFinish();
        if(GlobalUtil::_verbose)
        {
                std::cout<<"#Features:\t"<<_featureNum<<"\n";
        }
}


void PyramidGL::GenerateFeatureDisplayVBO()
{
        //use a big VBO to save all the SIFT box vertices
        int w, h, esize; GLint bsize;
        int nvbo = _octave_num * param._dog_level_num;
        //initialize the vbos
        if(_featureDisplayVBO==NULL)
        {
                _featureDisplayVBO = new GLuint[nvbo];
                glGenBuffers( nvbo, _featureDisplayVBO );
    }
    if(_featurePointVBO == NULL)
    {
                _featurePointVBO = new GLuint[nvbo];
                glGenBuffers(nvbo, _featurePointVBO);
        }

        FrameBufferObject fbo;
        glReadBuffer(GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT);
        glDrawBuffer(GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT);
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
        //
        GLTexImage & tempTex = *_descriptorTex;
        //
        for(int i = 0, idx = 0; i < _octave_num; i++)
        {
                for(int j = 0; j < param._dog_level_num; j ++, idx++)
                {
                        GLTexImage * ftex  = _featureTex + idx;
                        if(_levelFeatureNum[idx]<=0)continue;

                        //copy the texture into vbo
                        fbo.BindFBO();
                        tempTex.AttachToFBO(0);

                        ftex->BindTex();
                        ftex->FitTexViewPort();
                        ShaderMan::UseShaderCopyKeypoint();
                        ftex->DrawQuad();

                        glBindBuffer(GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER_ARB,  _featurePointVBO[ idx]);
                        glGetBufferParameteriv(GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER_ARB, GL_BUFFER_SIZE, &bsize);
                        esize = ftex->GetImgHeight() * ftex->GetImgWidth()*sizeof(float) *4;

                        //increase size when necessary
                        if(bsize < esize)
                        {
                                glBufferData(GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER_ARB, esize*3/2 ,      NULL, GL_STATIC_DRAW_ARB);
                                glGetBufferParameteriv(GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER_ARB, GL_BUFFER_SIZE, &bsize);
                        }

                        //read back if we have enough buffer
                        if(bsize >= esize) glReadPixels(0, 0, ftex->GetImgWidth(), ftex->GetImgHeight(), GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, 0);
                        else  glBufferData(GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER_ARB, 0, NULL, GL_STATIC_DRAW_ARB);
                        glBindBuffer(GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER_ARB, 0);


                        //box display vbo
                        int count = _levelFeatureNum[idx]* 10;
                        GetAlignedStorageSize(count, _alignment, w, h);
                        w = (int)ceil(double(count)/ h);

                        //input
                        fbo.BindFBO();
                        ftex->BindTex();

                        //output
                        tempTex.AttachToFBO(0);
                        GlobalUtil::FitViewPort(w, h);
                        //shader
                        ShaderMan::UseShaderGenVBO(     (float)ftex->GetImgWidth(),  (float) w, 
                                param.GetLevelSigma(j + param._level_min + 1));
                        GLTexImage::DrawQuad(0,  (float)w, 0, (float)h);
                
                        //
                        glBindBuffer(GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER_ARB, _featureDisplayVBO[ idx]);
                        glGetBufferParameteriv(GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER_ARB, GL_BUFFER_SIZE, &bsize);
                        esize = w*h * sizeof(float)*4;
                        //increase size when necessary
                        if(bsize < esize)
                        {
                                glBufferData(GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER_ARB, esize*3/2,       NULL, GL_STATIC_DRAW_ARB);
                                glGetBufferParameteriv(GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER_ARB, GL_BUFFER_SIZE, &bsize);
                        }
                        
                        //read back if we have enough buffer    
                        if(bsize >= esize)      glReadPixels(0, 0, w, h, GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, 0);
                        else glBufferData(GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER_ARB, 0,  NULL, GL_STATIC_DRAW_ARB);
                        glBindBuffer(GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER_ARB, 0);



                        
                }
        }
        glReadBuffer(GL_NONE);
        glFinish();

}





void PyramidNaive::GetFeatureOrientations()
{
        GLTexImage * gtex;
        GLTexImage * stex = NULL;
        GLTexImage * ftex = _featureTex;
        GLTexImage * otex = _orientationTex;
        int sid = 0; 
        int * count      = _levelFeatureNum;
        float sigma, sigma_step = powf(2.0f, 1.0f/param._dog_level_num);
        FrameBufferObject fbo;
        if(_orientationTex)
        {
                GLenum buffers[] = { GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT1_EXT };
                glDrawBuffers(2, buffers);
        }else
        {
                glDrawBuffer(GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT);
        }
        for(int i = 0; i < _octave_num; i++)
        {
                gtex = GetLevelTexture(i+_octave_min, param._level_min + 1);
                if(GlobalUtil::_SubpixelLocalization || GlobalUtil::_KeepExtremumSign)
                        stex = GetBaseLevel(i+_octave_min, DATA_KEYPOINT) + 2;

                for(int j = 0; j < param._dog_level_num; j++, ftex++, otex++, count++, gtex++, stex++)
                {
                        if(*count<=0)continue;

                        sigma = param.GetLevelSigma(j+param._level_min+1);

                        //
                        ftex->FitTexViewPort();

                        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
                        ftex->BindTex();
                        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
                        gtex->BindTex();
                        //
                        ftex->AttachToFBO(0);
                        if(_orientationTex)             otex->AttachToFBO(1);
                        if(!_existing_keypoints && (GlobalUtil::_SubpixelLocalization|| GlobalUtil::_KeepExtremumSign))
                        {
                                glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE2);
                                stex->BindTex();
                                sid = * stex;
                        }
                        ShaderMan::UseShaderOrientation(gtex->GetTexID(),
                                gtex->GetImgWidth(), gtex->GetImgHeight(),
                                sigma, sid, sigma_step, _existing_keypoints);
                        ftex->DrawQuad();
        //              glFinish();
                        
                }
        }

        GLTexImage::UnbindMultiTex(3);
        if(GlobalUtil::_timingS)glFinish();

        if(_orientationTex)     fbo.UnattachTex(GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT1_EXT);

}



//to compare with GPU feature list generation
void PyramidNaive::GenerateFeatureListCPU()
{

        FrameBufferObject fbo;
        _featureNum = 0;
        GLTexImage * tex = GetBaseLevel(_octave_min);
        float * mem = new float [tex->GetTexWidth()*tex->GetTexHeight()];
        vector<float> list;
        int idx = 0;
        for(int i = 0; i < _octave_num; i++)
        {
                for(int j = 0; j < param._dog_level_num; j++, idx++)
                {
                        tex = GetBaseLevel(_octave_min + i, DATA_KEYPOINT) + j + 2;
                        tex->BindTex();
                        glGetTexImage(GlobalUtil::_texTarget, 0, GL_RED, GL_FLOAT, mem);
                        //tex->AttachToFBO(0);
                        //tex->FitTexViewPort();
                        //glReadPixels(0, 0, tex->GetTexWidth(), tex->GetTexHeight(), GL_RED, GL_FLOAT, mem);
                        //
                        //make a list of 
                        list.resize(0);
                        float * p = mem;
                        int fcount = 0 ;
                        for(int k = 0; k < tex->GetTexHeight(); k++)
                        {
                                for( int m = 0; m < tex->GetTexWidth(); m ++, p++)
                                {
                                        if(*p==0)continue;
                                        if(m ==0 || k ==0 || k >= tex->GetImgHeight() -1 || m >= tex->GetImgWidth() -1 ) continue;
                                        list.push_back(m+0.5f);
                                        list.push_back(k+0.5f);
                                        list.push_back(0);
                                        list.push_back(1);
                                        fcount ++;


                                }
                        }
                        if(fcount==0)continue;


                        
                        GLTexImage * ftex = _featureTex+idx;
                        _levelFeatureNum[idx] = (fcount);
                        SetLevelFeatureNum(idx, fcount);

                        _featureNum += (fcount);


                        int fw = ftex->GetImgWidth();
                        int fh = ftex->GetImgHeight();

                        list.resize(4*fh*fw);

                        ftex->BindTex();
                        ftex->AttachToFBO(0);
        //              glTexImage2D(GlobalUtil::_texTarget, 0, GlobalUtil::_iTexFormat, fw, fh, 0, GL_BGRA, GL_FLOAT, &list[0]);
                        glTexSubImage2D(GlobalUtil::_texTarget, 0, 0, 0, fw, fh, GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, &list[0]);
                        //
                }
        }
        GLTexImage::UnbindTex();
        delete[] mem;
        if(GlobalUtil::_verbose)
        {
                std::cout<<"#Features:\t"<<_featureNum<<"\n";
        }
}

#define FEATURELIST_USE_PBO

void PyramidGL::ReshapeFeatureListCPU()
{
        //make a compact feature list, each with only one orientation
        //download orientations and the featue list
        //reshape it and upload it

        FrameBufferObject fbo;
        int i, szmax =0, sz;
        int n = param._dog_level_num*_octave_num;
        for( i = 0; i < n; i++)
        {
                sz = _featureTex[i].GetImgWidth() * _featureTex[i].GetImgHeight();
                if(sz > szmax ) szmax = sz;
        }
        float * buffer = new float[szmax*24];
        float * buffer1 = buffer;
        float * buffer2 = buffer + szmax*4;
        float * buffer3 = buffer + szmax*8;

        glReadBuffer(GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT);
        glDrawBuffer(GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT);

#ifdef FEATURELIST_USE_PBO
    GLuint ListUploadPBO;
    glGenBuffers(1, &ListUploadPBO); 
        glBindBuffer(GL_PIXEL_UNPACK_BUFFER_ARB,  ListUploadPBO);
        glBufferData(GL_PIXEL_UNPACK_BUFFER_ARB, szmax * 8 * sizeof(float),     NULL, GL_STREAM_DRAW);
#endif

        _featureNum = 0;

#ifdef NO_DUPLICATE_DOWNLOAD
        const double twopi = 2.0*3.14159265358979323846;
        _keypoint_buffer.resize(0);
        float os = _octave_min>=0? float(1<<_octave_min): 1.0f/(1<<(-_octave_min));
        if(_down_sample_factor>0) os *= float(1<<_down_sample_factor); 
        float offset = GlobalUtil::_LoweOrigin? 0 : 0.5f;
#endif

        for(i = 0; i < n; i++)
        {
                if(_levelFeatureNum[i]==0)continue;

                _featureTex[i].AttachToFBO(0);
                _featureTex[i].FitTexViewPort();
                glReadPixels(0, 0, _featureTex[i].GetImgWidth(), _featureTex[i].GetImgHeight(),GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, buffer1);
                
                int fcount =0, ocount;
                float * src = buffer1;
                float * orientation  = buffer2;
                float * des = buffer3;
                if(GlobalUtil::_OrientationPack2 == 0)
                {       
                        //read back orientations from another texture
                        _orientationTex[i].AttachToFBO(0);
                        glReadPixels(0, 0, _orientationTex[i].GetImgWidth(), _orientationTex[i].GetImgHeight(),GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, buffer2);
                        //make the feature list
                        for(int j = 0; j < _levelFeatureNum[i]; j++, src+=4, orientation+=4)
                        {
                                if(_existing_keypoints) 
                                {
                                        des[0] = src[0];
                                        des[1] = src[1];
                                        des[2] = orientation[0];
                                        des[3] = src[3];                        
                                        fcount++;
                                        des += 4;
                                }else
                                {
                                        ocount = (int)src[2];
                                        for(int k = 0 ; k < ocount; k++, des+=4)
                                        {
                                                des[0] = src[0];
                                                des[1] = src[1];
                                                des[2] = orientation[k];
                                                des[3] = src[3];                        
                                                fcount++;
                                        }
                                }
                        }
                }else
                {
                        _featureTex[i].DetachFBO(0);
                        const static double factor  = 2.0*3.14159265358979323846/65535.0;
                        for(int j = 0; j < _levelFeatureNum[i]; j++, src+=4)
                        {
                                unsigned short * orientations = (unsigned short*) (&src[2]);
                                if(_existing_keypoints) 
                                {
                                        des[0] = src[0];
                                        des[1] = src[1];
                                        des[2] = float( factor* orientations[0]);
                                        des[3] = src[3];                        
                                        fcount++;
                                        des += 4;
                                }else
                                {
                                        if(orientations[0] != 65535)
                                        {
                                                des[0] = src[0];
                                                des[1] = src[1];
                                                des[2] = float( factor* orientations[0]);
                                                des[3] = src[3];                        
                                                fcount++;
                                                des += 4;

                                                if(orientations[1] != 65535)
                                                {
                                                        des[0] = src[0];
                                                        des[1] = src[1];
                                                        des[2] = float(factor* orientations[1]);
                                                        des[3] = src[3];                        
                                                        fcount++;
                                                        des += 4;
                                                }
                                        }
                                }
                        }
                }

                //texture size --------------
                SetLevelFeatureNum(i, fcount);
                int nfw = _featureTex[i].GetImgWidth();
                int nfh = _featureTex[i].GetImgHeight();
                int sz = nfh * nfw;
                if(sz > fcount) memset(des, 0, sizeof(float) * (sz - fcount) * 4);

#ifndef FEATURELIST_USE_PBO
                _featureTex[i].BindTex();
                glTexSubImage2D(GlobalUtil::_texTarget, 0, 0, 0, nfw, nfh, GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, buffer3);
                _featureTex[i].UnbindTex();
#else
        float* mem = (float*) glMapBuffer(GL_PIXEL_UNPACK_BUFFER_ARB,  GL_WRITE_ONLY);
        memcpy(mem, buffer3,  sz * 4 * sizeof(float) );
        glUnmapBuffer(GL_PIXEL_UNPACK_BUFFER_ARB);
                _featureTex[i].BindTex();
                glTexSubImage2D(GlobalUtil::_texTarget, 0, 0, 0, nfw, nfh, GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, 0);
                _featureTex[i].UnbindTex();
#endif

#ifdef NO_DUPLICATE_DOWNLOAD
                if(fcount > 0)
                {
                        float oss = os * (1 << (i / param._dog_level_num));
                        _keypoint_buffer.resize((_featureNum + fcount) * 4);
                        float* ds = &_keypoint_buffer[_featureNum * 4];
                        float* fs = buffer3;
                        for(int k = 0;  k < fcount; k++, ds+=4, fs+=4)
                        {
                                ds[0] = oss*(fs[0]-0.5f) + offset;      //x
                                ds[1] = oss*(fs[1]-0.5f) + offset;      //y
                                ds[3] = (float)fmod(twopi-fs[2], twopi);        //orientation, mirrored
                                ds[2] = oss*fs[3];  //scale
                        }
                }
#endif
                _levelFeatureNum[i] = fcount;
                _featureNum += fcount;
        }

        delete[] buffer;
        if(GlobalUtil::_verbose)
        {
                std::cout<<"#Features MO:\t"<<_featureNum<<endl;
        }
#ifdef FEATURELIST_USE_PBO
        glBindBuffer(GL_PIXEL_UNPACK_BUFFER_ARB,  0);
    glDeleteBuffers(1, &ListUploadPBO);
#endif
}



inline void PyramidGL::SetLevelFeatureNum(int idx, int fcount)
{
        int fw, fh;
        GLTexImage * ftex = _featureTex + idx;
        //set feature texture size. normally fh will be one
        GetTextureStorageSize(fcount, fw, fh);
        if(fcount >  ftex->GetTexWidth()*ftex->GetTexHeight())
        {
                ftex->InitTexture(fw, fh, 0);
                if(_orientationTex)                     _orientationTex[idx].InitTexture(fw, fh, 0);

        }
        if(GlobalUtil::_NarrowFeatureTex)
                fh = fcount ==0? 0:(int)ceil(double(fcount)/fw);
        else
                fw = fcount ==0? 0:(int)ceil(double(fcount)/fh);
        ftex->SetImageSize(fw, fh);
        if(_orientationTex)             _orientationTex[idx].SetImageSize(fw, fh);
}

void PyramidGL::CleanUpAfterSIFT()
{
        GLTexImage::UnbindMultiTex(3);
        ShaderMan::UnloadProgram();
        FrameBufferObject::DeleteGlobalFBO();
        GlobalUtil::CleanupOpenGL();
}

void PyramidNaive::GetSimplifiedOrientation()
{
        //
        int idx = 0;
//      int n = _octave_num  * param._dog_level_num;
        float sigma, sigma_step = powf(2.0f, 1.0f/param._dog_level_num); 
        GLTexImage * ftex = _featureTex;

        FrameBufferObject fbo;
        glDrawBuffer(GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT);
        for(int i = 0; i < _octave_num; i++)
        {
                GLTexImage *gtex = GetLevelTexture(i+_octave_min, 2+param._level_min);
                for(int j = 0; j < param._dog_level_num; j++, ftex++,  gtex++, idx ++)
                {
                        if(_levelFeatureNum[idx]<=0)continue;
                        sigma = param.GetLevelSigma(j+param._level_min+1);

                        //
                        ftex->AttachToFBO(0);
                        ftex->FitTexViewPort();

                        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
                        ftex->BindTex();
                        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
                        gtex->BindTex();

                        ShaderMan::UseShaderSimpleOrientation(gtex->GetTexID(), sigma, sigma_step);
                        ftex->DrawQuad();
                }
        }

        GLTexImage::UnbindMultiTex(2);

}


#ifdef USE_SSE_FOR_SIFTGPU
        static inline float dotproduct_128d(float * p)
        {
                float z = 0.0f;
                __m128 sse =_mm_load_ss(&z);
                float* pf = (float*) (&sse);
                for( int i = 0; i < 32; i++, p+=4)
                {
                        __m128 ps = _mm_loadu_ps(p);
                        sse = _mm_add_ps(sse,  _mm_mul_ps(ps, ps));
                }
                return pf[0] + pf[1] + pf[2] + pf[3];

        }
        static inline void multiply_and_truncate_128d(float* p, float m)
        {
                float z = 0.2f;
                __m128 t = _mm_load_ps1(&z);
                __m128 r = _mm_load_ps1(&m);
                for(int i = 0; i < 32; i++, p+=4)
                {
                        __m128 ps = _mm_loadu_ps(p);
                        _mm_storeu_ps(p, _mm_min_ps(_mm_mul_ps(ps, r), t));
                }
        }
        static inline void multiply_128d(float* p, float m)
        {
                __m128 r = _mm_load_ps1(&m);
                for(int i = 0; i < 32; i++, p+=4)
                {
                        __m128 ps = _mm_loadu_ps(p);
                        _mm_storeu_ps(p, _mm_mul_ps(ps, r));
                }
        }
#endif


inline void PyramidGL::NormalizeDescriptor(int num, float*pd)
{

#ifdef USE_SSE_FOR_SIFTGPU
        for(int k = 0; k < num; k++, pd +=128)
        {
                float sq;
                //normalize and truncate to .2
                sq = dotproduct_128d(pd);               sq = 1.0f / sqrtf(sq);
                multiply_and_truncate_128d(pd, sq);

                //renormalize
                sq = dotproduct_128d(pd);               sq = 1.0f / sqrtf(sq);
                multiply_128d(pd, sq);
        }
#else
        //descriptor normalization runs on cpu for OpenGL implemenations
        for(int k = 0; k < num; k++, pd +=128)
        {
                int v;
                float* ppd, sq = 0;
                //int v;
                //normalize
                ppd = pd;
                for(v = 0 ; v < 128; v++, ppd++)        sq += (*ppd)*(*ppd);
                sq = 1.0f / sqrtf(sq);
                //truncate to .2
                ppd = pd;
                for(v = 0; v < 128; v ++, ppd++)        *ppd = min(*ppd*sq, 0.2f);

                //renormalize
                ppd = pd; sq = 0;
                for(v = 0; v < 128; v++, ppd++) sq += (*ppd)*(*ppd);
                sq = 1.0f / sqrtf(sq);

                ppd = pd;
                for(v = 0; v < 128; v ++, ppd++)        *ppd = *ppd*sq;
        }

#endif
}

inline void PyramidGL::InterlaceDescriptorF2(int w, int h, float* buf, float* pd, int step)
{
        /*
        if(GlobalUtil::_DescriptorPPR == 8)
        {
                const int dstep = w * 128;
                float* pp1 = buf;
                float* pp2 = buf + step;

                for(int u = 0; u < h ; u++, pd+=dstep)
                {
                        int v; 
                        float* ppd = pd;
                        for(v= 0; v < w; v++)
                        {
                                for(int t = 0; t < 8; t++)
                                {
                                        *ppd++ = *pp1++;*ppd++ = *pp1++;*ppd++ = *pp1++;*ppd++ = *pp1++;
                                        *ppd++ = *pp2++;*ppd++ = *pp2++;*ppd++ = *pp2++;*ppd++ = *pp2++;
                                }
                                ppd += 64;
                        }
                        ppd = pd + 64;
                        for(v= 0; v < w; v++)
                        {
                                for(int t = 0; t < 8; t++)
                                {
                                        *ppd++ = *pp1++;*ppd++ = *pp1++;*ppd++ = *pp1++;*ppd++ = *pp1++;
                                        *ppd++ = *pp2++;*ppd++ = *pp2++;*ppd++ = *pp2++;*ppd++ = *pp2++;
                                }
                                ppd += 64;
                        }
                }

        }else */
        if(GlobalUtil::_DescriptorPPR == 8)
        {
                //interlace
                for(int k = 0; k < 2; k++)
                {
                        float* pp = buf + k * step;
                        float* ppd = pd + k * 4;
                        for(int u = 0; u < h ; u++)
                        {
                                int v; 
                                for(v= 0; v < w; v++)
                                {
                                        for(int t = 0; t < 8; t++)
                                        {
                                                ppd[0] = pp[0];
                                                ppd[1] = pp[1];
                                                ppd[2] = pp[2];
                                                ppd[3] = pp[3];
                                                ppd += 8;
                                                pp+= 4;
                                        }
                                        ppd += 64;
                                }
                                ppd += ( 64 - 128 * w );
                                for(v= 0; v < w; v++)
                                {
                                        for(int t = 0; t < 8; t++)
                                        {
                                                ppd[0] = pp[0];
                                                ppd[1] = pp[1];
                                                ppd[2] = pp[2];
                                                ppd[3] = pp[3];

                                                ppd += 8;
                                                pp+= 4;
                                        }
                                        ppd += 64;
                                }
                                ppd -=64;
                        }
                }
        }else if(GlobalUtil::_DescriptorPPR == 4)
        {

        }



}
void PyramidGL::GetFeatureDescriptors()
{
        //descriptors...
        float sigma;
        int idx, i, j, k, w, h;
        int ndf = 32 / GlobalUtil::_DescriptorPPT; //number of textures
        int block_width = GlobalUtil::_DescriptorPPR;
        int block_height = GlobalUtil::_DescriptorPPT/GlobalUtil::_DescriptorPPR;
        float* pd =  &_descriptor_buffer[0], * pbuf  = NULL;
        vector<float>read_buffer, descriptor_buffer2;

        //use another buffer, if we need to re-order the descriptors
        if(_keypoint_index.size() > 0)
        {
                descriptor_buffer2.resize(_descriptor_buffer.size());
                pd = &descriptor_buffer2[0];
        }
        FrameBufferObject fbo;

        GLTexImage * gtex, *otex, * ftex;
        GLenum buffers[8] = { 
                GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT,               GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT1_EXT ,
                GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT2_EXT,               GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT3_EXT ,
                GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT4_EXT,               GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT5_EXT ,
                GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT6_EXT,               GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT7_EXT ,
        };

        glDrawBuffers(ndf, buffers);
        glReadBuffer(GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT);


        for( i = 0, idx = 0, ftex = _featureTex; i < _octave_num; i++)
        {
                gtex = GetBaseLevel(i + _octave_min, DATA_GRAD) + 1;
                otex = GetBaseLevel(i + _octave_min, DATA_ROT)  + 1;
                for( j = 0; j < param._dog_level_num; j++, ftex++, idx++, gtex++, otex++)
                {
                        if(_levelFeatureNum[idx]==0)continue;

            sigma = IsUsingRectDescription()?  0 : param.GetLevelSigma(j+param._level_min+1);
                        int count = _levelFeatureNum[idx] * block_width;
                        GetAlignedStorageSize(count, block_width, w, h);
                        h = ((int)ceil(double(count) / w)) * block_height;

                        //not enought space for holding the descriptor data
                        if(w > _descriptorTex[0].GetTexWidth() || h > _descriptorTex[0].GetTexHeight())
                        {
                                for(k = 0; k < ndf; k++)_descriptorTex[k].InitTexture(w, h);
                        }
                        for(k = 0; k < ndf; k++)        _descriptorTex[k].AttachToFBO(k);
                        GlobalUtil::FitViewPort(w, h);
                        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
                        ftex->BindTex();
                        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
                        gtex->BindTex();
                        if(otex!=gtex)
                        {
                                glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE2);
                                otex->BindTex();
                        }

                        ShaderMan::UseShaderDescriptor(gtex->GetTexID(), otex->GetTexID(), 
                                w, ftex->GetImgWidth(), gtex->GetImgWidth(), gtex->GetImgHeight(), sigma);
                        GLTexImage::DrawQuad(0, (float)w, 0, (float)h);

                         //read back float format descriptors and do normalization on CPU
                        int step = w*h*4;
                        if((unsigned int)step*ndf > read_buffer.size())
                        {
                                read_buffer.resize(ndf*step);
                        }
                        pbuf = &read_buffer[0];
                        
                        //read back
                        for(k = 0; k < ndf; k++, pbuf+=step)
                        {
                                glReadBuffer(GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT + k);
                                if(GlobalUtil::_IsNvidia ||  w * h <=  16384) //were
                                {
                                        glReadPixels(0, 0, w, h, GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, pbuf);
                                }else
                                {
                                        int hstep = 16384 / w; 
                                        for(int kk = 0; kk < h; kk += hstep)
                                                glReadPixels(0, kk, w, min(hstep, h - kk), GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, pbuf + w * kk * 4);
                                }
                        }
        
                        //the following two steps run on cpu, so better cpu better speed
                        //and release version can be a lot faster than debug version
                        //interlace data on the two texture to get the descriptor
                        InterlaceDescriptorF2(w / block_width, h / block_height, &read_buffer[0], pd, step);
                        
                        //need to do normalization
                        //the new version uses SSE to speed up this part
                        if(GlobalUtil::_NormalizedSIFT) NormalizeDescriptor(_levelFeatureNum[idx], pd);

                        pd += 128*_levelFeatureNum[idx];
                        glReadBuffer(GL_NONE);
                }
        }


        //finally, put the descriptor back to their original order for existing keypoint list.
        if(_keypoint_index.size() > 0)
        {
                for(i = 0; i < _featureNum; ++i)
                {
                        int index = _keypoint_index[i];
                        memcpy(&_descriptor_buffer[index*128], &descriptor_buffer2[i*128], 128 * sizeof(float));
                }
        }

        GLTexImage::UnbindMultiTex(3); 
        glDrawBuffer(GL_NONE);
        ShaderMan::UnloadProgram();
        if(GlobalUtil::_timingS)glFinish();
        for(i = 0; i < ndf; i++) fbo.UnattachTex(GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT +i);

}


void PyramidGL::DownloadKeypoints()
{
        const double twopi = 2.0*3.14159265358979323846;
        int idx = 0;
        float * buffer = &_keypoint_buffer[0];
        vector<float> keypoint_buffer2;
        //use a different keypoint buffer when processing with an exisint features list
        //without orientation information. 
        if(_keypoint_index.size() > 0)
        {
                keypoint_buffer2.resize(_keypoint_buffer.size());
                buffer = &keypoint_buffer2[0];
        }
        float * p = buffer, *ps, sigma;
        GLTexImage * ftex = _featureTex;
        FrameBufferObject fbo;
        ftex->FitRealTexViewPort();
        float os = _octave_min>=0? float(1<<_octave_min): 1.0f/(1<<(-_octave_min));
        if(_down_sample_factor>0) os *= float(1<<_down_sample_factor); 
        float offset = GlobalUtil::_LoweOrigin? 0 : 0.5f;
        for(int i = 0; i < _octave_num; i++, os *= 2.0f)
        {
                
                for(int j = 0; j  < param._dog_level_num; j++, idx++, ftex++)
                {

                        if(_levelFeatureNum[idx]>0)
                        {       
                                ftex->AttachToFBO(0);
                                glReadPixels(0, 0, ftex->GetImgWidth(), ftex->GetImgHeight(),GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, p);
                                ps = p;
                                for(int k = 0;  k < _levelFeatureNum[idx]; k++, ps+=4)
                                {
                                        ps[0] = os*(ps[0]-0.5f) + offset;       //x
                                        ps[1] = os*(ps[1]-0.5f) + offset;       //y
                                        sigma = os*ps[3]; 
                                        ps[3] = (float)fmod(twopi-ps[2], twopi);        //orientation, mirrored
                                        ps[2] = sigma;  //scale
                                }
                                p+= 4* _levelFeatureNum[idx];
                        }
                }
        }

        //put the feature into their original order

        if(_keypoint_index.size() > 0)
        {
                for(int i = 0; i < _featureNum; ++i)
                {
                        int index = _keypoint_index[i];
                        memcpy(&_keypoint_buffer[index*4], &keypoint_buffer2[i*4], 4 * sizeof(float));
                }
        }
}


void PyramidGL::GenerateFeatureListTex()
{
        //generate feature list texture from existing keypoints
        //do feature sorting in the same time?

        FrameBufferObject fbo;
        vector<float> list;
        int idx = 0;
        const double twopi = 2.0*3.14159265358979323846;
        float sigma_half_step = powf(2.0f, 0.5f / param._dog_level_num);
        float octave_sigma = _octave_min>=0? float(1<<_octave_min): 1.0f/(1<<(-_octave_min));
        float offset = GlobalUtil::_LoweOrigin? 0 : 0.5f; 
        if(_down_sample_factor>0) octave_sigma *= float(1<<_down_sample_factor); 

    
    std::fill(_levelFeatureNum, _levelFeatureNum + _octave_num * param._dog_level_num, 0);

        _keypoint_index.resize(0); // should already be 0
        for(int i = 0; i < _octave_num; i++, octave_sigma*= 2.0f)
        {
                for(int j = 0; j < param._dog_level_num; j++, idx++)
                {
                        list.resize(0);
                        float level_sigma = param.GetLevelSigma(j + param._level_min + 1) * octave_sigma;
                        float sigma_min = level_sigma / sigma_half_step;
                        float sigma_max = level_sigma * sigma_half_step;
                        int fcount = 0 ;
                        for(int k = 0; k < _featureNum; k++)
                        {
                                float * key = &_keypoint_buffer[k*4];
                float sigmak = key[2]; 

                if(IsUsingRectDescription()) sigmak = min(key[2], key[3]) / 12.0f; 

                if( (sigmak >= sigma_min && sigmak < sigma_max)
                                        ||(sigmak < sigma_min && i ==0 && j == 0)
                                        ||(sigmak > sigma_max && j == param._dog_level_num - 1&& 
                            (i == _octave_num -1  || GlobalUtil::_KeyPointListForceLevel0)))
                                {
                                        //add this keypoint to the list
                                        list.push_back((key[0] - offset) / octave_sigma + 0.5f);
                                        list.push_back((key[1] - offset) / octave_sigma + 0.5f);
                    if(IsUsingRectDescription())
                    {
                        list.push_back(key[2] / octave_sigma);
                        list.push_back(key[3] / octave_sigma);
                    }else
                    {
                                            list.push_back((float)fmod(twopi-key[3], twopi));
                                            list.push_back(key[2] / octave_sigma);
                    }
                                        fcount ++;
                                        //save the index of keypoints
                                        _keypoint_index.push_back(k);
                                }
                        }

                        _levelFeatureNum[idx] = fcount;
                        if(fcount==0)continue;
                        GLTexImage * ftex = _featureTex+idx;

                        SetLevelFeatureNum(idx, fcount);

                        int fw = ftex->GetImgWidth();
                        int fh = ftex->GetImgHeight();

                        list.resize(4*fh*fw);

                        ftex->BindTex();
                        ftex->AttachToFBO(0);
                        glTexSubImage2D(GlobalUtil::_texTarget, 0, 0, 0, fw, fh, GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, &list[0]);

            if( fcount == _featureNum) _keypoint_index.resize(0);
                }
        if( GlobalUtil::_KeyPointListForceLevel0 ) break;
        }
        GLTexImage::UnbindTex();
        if(GlobalUtil::_verbose)
        {
                std::cout<<"#Features:\t"<<_featureNum<<"\n";
        }
}



PyramidPacked::PyramidPacked(SiftParam& sp): PyramidGL(sp)
{
        _allPyramid = NULL;
}

PyramidPacked::~PyramidPacked()
{
        DestroyPyramidData();
}


//build the gaussian pyrmaid

void PyramidPacked::BuildPyramid(GLTexInput * input)
{
        //
        USE_TIMING();
        GLTexImage * tex, *tmp;
        FilterProgram ** filter;
        FrameBufferObject fbo;

        glDrawBuffer(GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT);
        input->FitTexViewPort();

        for (int i = _octave_min; i < _octave_min + _octave_num; i++)
        {
                tex = GetBaseLevel(i);
                tmp = GetBaseLevel(i, DATA_DOG) + 2; //use this as a temperory texture

                
                filter = ShaderMan::s_bag->f_gaussian_step;

                OCTAVE_START();

                if( i == _octave_min )
                {
                        if(i < 0)       TextureUpSample(tex, input, 1<<(-i-1));                 
                        else        TextureDownSample(tex, input, 1<<(i+1));
            ShaderMan::FilterInitialImage(tex, tmp); 
                }else
                {
                        TextureDownSample(tex, GetLevelTexture(i-1, param._level_ds)); 
                        ShaderMan::FilterSampledImage(tex, tmp); 
                }
                LEVEL_FINISH();         

                for(int j = param._level_min + 1; j <=  param._level_max ; j++, tex++, filter++)
                {
                        // filtering
            ShaderMan::FilterImage(*filter, tex+1, tex, tmp);
                        LEVEL_FINISH();
                }

                OCTAVE_FINISH();

        }
        if(GlobalUtil::_timingS)        glFinish();
        UnloadProgram();        
}

void PyramidPacked::ComputeGradient()
{
        
        //first pass, compute dog, gradient, orientation
        GLenum buffers[4] = { 
                GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT,               GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT1_EXT ,
                GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT2_EXT,               GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT3_EXT
        };

        int i, j;
        double ts, t1;
        FrameBufferObject fbo;

        if(GlobalUtil::_timingS && GlobalUtil::_verbose)ts = CLOCK();

        for(i = _octave_min; i < _octave_min + _octave_num; i++)
        {
                GLTexImage * gus = GetBaseLevel(i) +  1;
                GLTexImage * dog = GetBaseLevel(i, DATA_DOG) +  1;
                GLTexImage * grd = GetBaseLevel(i, DATA_GRAD) +  1;
                GLTexImage * rot = GetBaseLevel(i, DATA_ROT) +  1;
                glDrawBuffers(3, buffers);
                gus->FitTexViewPort();
                //compute the gradient
                for(j = 0; j <  param._dog_level_num ; j++, gus++, dog++, grd++, rot++)
                {
                        //gradient, dog, orientation
                        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
                        gus->BindTex();
                        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
                        (gus-1)->BindTex();
                        //output
                        dog->AttachToFBO(0);
                        grd->AttachToFBO(1);
                        rot->AttachToFBO(2);
                        ShaderMan::UseShaderGradientPass((gus-1)->GetTexID());
                        //compute
                        dog->DrawQuadMT4();
                }
        }
        if(GlobalUtil::_timingS)
        {
                glFinish();
                if(GlobalUtil::_verbose)
                {
                        t1 = CLOCK();
                        std::cout       <<"<Gradient, DOG  >\t"<<(t1-ts)<<"\n";
                }
        }
        GLTexImage::DetachFBO(1);
        GLTexImage::DetachFBO(2);
        UnloadProgram();
        GLTexImage::UnbindMultiTex(3);
        fbo.UnattachTex(GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT1_EXT);
}

void PyramidPacked::DetectKeypointsEX()
{

        //first pass, compute dog, gradient, orientation
        GLenum buffers[4] = { 
                GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT,               GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT1_EXT ,
                GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT2_EXT,               GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT3_EXT
        };

        int i, j;
        double t0, t, ts, t1, t2;
        FrameBufferObject fbo;

        if(GlobalUtil::_timingS && GlobalUtil::_verbose)ts = CLOCK();

        for(i = _octave_min; i < _octave_min + _octave_num; i++)
        {
                GLTexImage * gus = GetBaseLevel(i) + 1;
                GLTexImage * dog = GetBaseLevel(i, DATA_DOG) + 1;
                GLTexImage * grd = GetBaseLevel(i, DATA_GRAD) + 1;
                GLTexImage * rot = GetBaseLevel(i, DATA_ROT) + 1;
                glDrawBuffers(3, buffers);
                gus->FitTexViewPort();
                //compute the gradient
                for(j = param._level_min +1; j <=  param._level_max ; j++, gus++, dog++, grd++, rot++)
                {
                        //gradient, dog, orientation
                        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
                        gus->BindTex();
                        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
                        (gus-1)->BindTex();
                        //output
                        dog->AttachToFBO(0);
                        grd->AttachToFBO(1);
                        rot->AttachToFBO(2);
                        ShaderMan::UseShaderGradientPass((gus-1)->GetTexID());
                        //compute
                        dog->DrawQuadMT4();
                }
        }
        if(GlobalUtil::_timingS && GlobalUtil::_verbose)
        {
                glFinish();
                t1 = CLOCK();
        }
        GLTexImage::DetachFBO(1);
        GLTexImage::DetachFBO(2);
        //glDrawBuffers(1, buffers);
        glDrawBuffer(GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT);
        

        GlobalUtil::CheckErrorsGL();

        for ( i = _octave_min; i < _octave_min + _octave_num; i++)
        {
                if(GlobalUtil::_timingO)
                {
                        t0 = CLOCK();
                        std::cout<<"#"<<(i + _down_sample_factor)<<"\t";
                }
                GLTexImage * dog = GetBaseLevel(i, DATA_DOG) + 2;
                GLTexImage * key = GetBaseLevel(i, DATA_KEYPOINT) +2;
                GLTexImage * gus = GetBaseLevel(i) +  2;
                key->FitTexViewPort();

                for( j = param._level_min +2; j <  param._level_max ; j++, dog++, key++, gus++)
                {
                        if(GlobalUtil::_timingL)t = CLOCK();            
                        key->AttachToFBO(0);
                        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
                        dog->BindTex();
                        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
                        (dog+1)->BindTex();
                        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE2);
                        (dog-1)->BindTex();
                        if(GlobalUtil::_DarknessAdaption)
                        {
                                glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE3);
                                gus->BindTex();
                        }
                        ShaderMan::UseShaderKeypoint((dog+1)->GetTexID(), (dog-1)->GetTexID());
                        key->DrawQuadMT8();
                        if(GlobalUtil::_timingL)
                        {
                                glFinish();
                                std::cout<<(CLOCK()-t)<<"\t";
                        }
                }
                if(GlobalUtil::_timingO)
                {
                        glFinish();
                        std::cout<<"|\t"<<(CLOCK()-t0)<<"\n";
                }
        }

        if(GlobalUtil::_timingS)
        {
                glFinish();
                if(GlobalUtil::_verbose) 
                {       
                        t2 = CLOCK();
                        std::cout       <<"<Gradient, DOG  >\t"<<(t1-ts)<<"\n"
                                                <<"<Get Keypoints  >\t"<<(t2-t1)<<"\n";
                }
                                                
        }
        UnloadProgram();
        GLTexImage::UnbindMultiTex(3);
        fbo.UnattachTex(GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT1_EXT);
}


void PyramidPacked::GenerateFeatureList(int i, int j)
{
        float fcount = 0.0f; 
        int hist_skip_gpu = GlobalUtil::_ListGenSkipGPU;
    int idx = i * param._dog_level_num + j; 
    int hist_level_num = _hpLevelNum - _pyramid_octave_first;
        GLTexImage * htex, * ftex, * tex;
        htex = _histoPyramidTex + hist_level_num - 1 - i;
        ftex = _featureTex + idx;
        tex = GetBaseLevel(_octave_min + i, DATA_KEYPOINT) + 2 + j;


        //fill zero to an extra row/col if the height/width is odd
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
        tex->BindTex();
        htex->AttachToFBO(0);
        int tight = (htex->GetImgWidth() * 4 == tex->GetImgWidth() -1 && htex->GetImgHeight() *4 == tex->GetImgHeight()-1 );
        ShaderMan::UseShaderGenListInit(tex->GetImgWidth(), tex->GetImgHeight(), tight);
        htex->FitTexViewPort();
        //this uses the fact that no feature is on the edge.
        htex->DrawQuadReduction();
        //reduction..
        htex--;
        
        //this part might have problems on several GPUS
        //because the output of one pass is the input of the next pass
        //may require glFinish to make it right, but too much glFinish makes it slow
        for(int k = 0; k <hist_level_num - i-1 - hist_skip_gpu; k++, htex--)
        {
                htex->AttachToFBO(0);
                htex->FitTexViewPort();
                (htex+1)->BindTex();
                ShaderMan::UseShaderGenListHisto();
                htex->DrawQuadReduction();              
        }

        if(hist_skip_gpu == 0)
        {               
                //read back one pixel
                float fn[4];
                glReadPixels(0, 0, 1, 1, GL_RGBA , GL_FLOAT, fn);
                fcount = (fn[0] + fn[1] + fn[2] + fn[3]);
                if(fcount < 1) fcount = 0;

                _levelFeatureNum[ idx] = (int)(fcount);
                SetLevelFeatureNum(idx, (int)fcount);

                //save  number of features
                _featureNum += int(fcount);

                //
                if(fcount < 1.0)                                return;;


                htex=  _histoPyramidTex;

                htex->BindTex();

                //first pass
                ftex->AttachToFBO(0);
                if(GlobalUtil::_MaxOrientation>1)
                {
                        //this is very important...
                        ftex->FitRealTexViewPort();
                        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
                        glFinish();
                }else
                {       
                        ftex->FitTexViewPort();
                        //glFinish();
                }


                ShaderMan::UseShaderGenListStart((float)ftex->GetImgWidth(), htex->GetTexID());

                ftex->DrawQuad();
                //make sure it finishes before the next step
                ftex->DetachFBO(0);
                //pass on each pyramid level
                htex++;
        }else
        {

                int tw = htex[1].GetDrawWidth(), th = htex[1].GetDrawHeight();
                int fc = 0;
                glReadPixels(0, 0, tw, th, GL_RGBA , GL_FLOAT, _histo_buffer);  
                _keypoint_buffer.resize(0);
                for(int y = 0, pos = 0; y < th; y++)
                {
                        for(int x= 0; x < tw; x++)
                        {
                                for(int c = 0; c < 4; c++, pos++)
                                {
                                        int ss =  (int) _histo_buffer[pos]; 
                                        if(ss == 0) continue;
                                        float ft[4] = {2 * x + (c%2? 1.5f:  0.5f), 2 * y + (c>=2? 1.5f: 0.5f), 0, 1 };
                                        for(int t = 0; t < ss; t++)
                                        {
                                                ft[2] = (float) t; 
                                                _keypoint_buffer.insert(_keypoint_buffer.end(), ft, ft+4);
                                        }
                                        fc += (int)ss; 
                                }
                        }
                }
                _levelFeatureNum[ idx] = fc;
                SetLevelFeatureNum(idx, fc);
                if(fc == 0)  return; 

                fcount = (float) fc;    
                _featureNum += fc;
                ftex->AttachToFBO(0);
                if(GlobalUtil::_MaxOrientation>1)
                {
                        ftex->FitRealTexViewPort();
                        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
                        glFlush();
                }else
                {                                       
                        ftex->FitTexViewPort();
            glFlush();
                }
                _keypoint_buffer.resize(ftex->GetDrawWidth() * ftex->GetDrawHeight()*4, 0);
                glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
                ftex->BindTex();
                glTexSubImage2D(GlobalUtil::_texTarget, 0, 0, 0, ftex->GetDrawWidth(),
                        ftex->GetDrawHeight(), GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, &_keypoint_buffer[0]);
                htex += 2; 
        }

        for(int lev = 1 + hist_skip_gpu; lev < hist_level_num  - i; lev++, htex++)
        {
                glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
                ftex->BindTex();
                ftex->AttachToFBO(0);
                glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
                htex->BindTex();
                ShaderMan::UseShaderGenListStep(ftex->GetTexID(), htex->GetTexID());
                ftex->DrawQuad();
                ftex->DetachFBO(0);     
        }

        ftex->AttachToFBO(0);
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
        tex->BindTex();
        ShaderMan::UseShaderGenListEnd(tex->GetTexID());
        ftex->DrawQuad();
        GLTexImage::UnbindMultiTex(2);

}

void PyramidPacked::GenerateFeatureList()
{
        //generate the histogram pyramid
        FrameBufferObject fbo;
        glReadBuffer(GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT);
        glDrawBuffer(GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT);
        double t1, t2; 
        int ocount= 0, reverse = (GlobalUtil::_TruncateMethod == 1);
        _featureNum = 0;

        FitHistogramPyramid();
        //for(int i = 0, idx = 0; i < _octave_num; i++)
    FOR_EACH_OCTAVE(i, reverse)
        {
                if(GlobalUtil::_timingO)
                {
            t1= CLOCK();
                        ocount = 0;
                        std::cout<<"#"<<i+_octave_min + _down_sample_factor<<":\t";
                }
                //for(int j = 0; j < param._dog_level_num; j++, idx++)
        FOR_EACH_LEVEL(j, reverse)
                {
            if(GlobalUtil::_TruncateMethod && GlobalUtil::_FeatureCountThreshold > 0
                                && _featureNum > GlobalUtil::_FeatureCountThreshold) 
                        {
                                _levelFeatureNum[i * param._dog_level_num + j] = 0;
                                continue;
                        }
            
            GenerateFeatureList(i, j); 

                        if(GlobalUtil::_timingO)
                        {
                int idx = i * param._dog_level_num + j;
                ocount += _levelFeatureNum[idx];
                                std::cout<< _levelFeatureNum[idx] <<"\t";
                        }
                }
                if(GlobalUtil::_timingO)
                {       
            t2 = CLOCK();
                        std::cout << "| \t" << int(ocount) << " :\t(" << (t2 - t1) << ")\n";
                }
        }
        if(GlobalUtil::_timingS)glFinish();
        if(GlobalUtil::_verbose)
        {
                std::cout<<"#Features:\t"<<_featureNum<<"\n";
        }

}

void PyramidPacked::GenerateFeatureListCPU()
{
        FrameBufferObject fbo;
        _featureNum = 0;
        GLTexImage * tex = GetBaseLevel(_octave_min);
        float * mem = new float [tex->GetTexWidth()*tex->GetTexHeight()*4];
        vector<float> list;
        int idx = 0;
        for(int i = 0; i < _octave_num; i++)
        {
                for(int j = 0; j < param._dog_level_num; j++, idx++)
                {
                        tex = GetBaseLevel(_octave_min + i, DATA_KEYPOINT) + j + 2;
                        tex->BindTex();
                        glGetTexImage(GlobalUtil::_texTarget, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, mem);
                        //tex->AttachToFBO(0);
                        //tex->FitTexViewPort();
                        //glReadPixels(0, 0, tex->GetTexWidth(), tex->GetTexHeight(), GL_RED, GL_FLOAT, mem);
                        //
                        //make a list of 
                        list.resize(0);
                        float *pl = mem;
                        int fcount = 0 ;
                        for(int k = 0; k < tex->GetDrawHeight(); k++)
                        {
                                float * p = pl; 
                                pl += tex->GetTexWidth() * 4;
                                for( int m = 0; m < tex->GetDrawWidth(); m ++, p+=4)
                                {
                                //      if(m ==0 || k ==0 || k == tex->GetDrawHeight() -1 || m == tex->GetDrawWidth() -1) continue;
                                //      if(*p == 0) continue;
                                        int t = ((int) fabs(p[0])) - 1;
                                        if(t < 0) continue;
                                        int xx = m + m + ( (t %2)? 1 : 0);
                                        int yy = k + k + ( (t <2)? 0 : 1);
                                        if(xx ==0 || yy == 0) continue;
                                        if(xx >= tex->GetImgWidth() - 1 || yy >= tex->GetImgHeight() - 1)continue;
                                        list.push_back(xx + 0.5f + p[1]);
                                        list.push_back(yy + 0.5f + p[2]);
                                        list.push_back(GlobalUtil::_KeepExtremumSign && p[0] < 0 ? -1.0f : 1.0f);
                                        list.push_back(p[3]);
                                        fcount ++;
                                }
                        }
                        if(fcount==0)continue;

                        if(GlobalUtil::_timingL) std::cout<<fcount<<".";
                        
                        GLTexImage * ftex = _featureTex+idx;
                        _levelFeatureNum[idx] = (fcount);
                        SetLevelFeatureNum(idx, fcount);

                        _featureNum += (fcount);


                        int fw = ftex->GetImgWidth();
                        int fh = ftex->GetImgHeight();

                        list.resize(4*fh*fw);

                        ftex->BindTex();
                        ftex->AttachToFBO(0);
        //              glTexImage2D(GlobalUtil::_texTarget, 0, GlobalUtil::_iTexFormat, fw, fh, 0, GL_BGRA, GL_FLOAT, &list[0]);
                        glTexSubImage2D(GlobalUtil::_texTarget, 0, 0, 0, fw, fh, GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, &list[0]);
                        //
                }
        }
        GLTexImage::UnbindTex();
        delete[] mem;
        if(GlobalUtil::_verbose)
        {
                std::cout<<"#Features:\t"<<_featureNum<<"\n";
        }
}



void PyramidPacked::GetFeatureOrientations()
{
        GLTexImage * gtex, * otex;
        GLTexImage * ftex = _featureTex;
        GLTexImage * fotex = _orientationTex; 
        int * count      = _levelFeatureNum;
        float sigma, sigma_step = powf(2.0f, 1.0f/param._dog_level_num);


        FrameBufferObject fbo;
        if(_orientationTex)
        {
                GLenum buffers[] = { GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT1_EXT };
                glDrawBuffers(2, buffers);
        }else
        {
                glDrawBuffer(GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT);
        }

        for(int i = 0; i < _octave_num; i++)
        {
                gtex = GetBaseLevel(i+_octave_min, DATA_GRAD) + 1;
                otex = GetBaseLevel(i+_octave_min, DATA_ROT) + 1;

                for(int j = 0; j < param._dog_level_num; j++, ftex++, otex++, count++, gtex++, fotex++)
                {
                        if(*count<=0)continue;

                        sigma = param.GetLevelSigma(j+param._level_min+1);


                        ftex->FitTexViewPort();

                        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
                        ftex->BindTex();
                        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
                        gtex->BindTex();
                        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE2);
                        otex->BindTex();
                        //
                        ftex->AttachToFBO(0);
                        if(_orientationTex)             fotex->AttachToFBO(1);

                        GlobalUtil::CheckFramebufferStatus();

                        ShaderMan::UseShaderOrientation(gtex->GetTexID(),
                                gtex->GetImgWidth(), gtex->GetImgHeight(),
                                sigma, otex->GetTexID(), sigma_step, _existing_keypoints);
                        ftex->DrawQuad();
                }
        }

        GLTexImage::UnbindMultiTex(3);
        if(GlobalUtil::_timingS)glFinish();
        if(_orientationTex)     fbo.UnattachTex(GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT1_EXT);

}


void PyramidPacked::GetSimplifiedOrientation()
{
        //
        int idx = 0;
//      int n = _octave_num  * param._dog_level_num;
        float sigma, sigma_step = powf(2.0f, 1.0f/param._dog_level_num); 
        GLTexImage * ftex = _featureTex;

        FrameBufferObject fbo;
        glDrawBuffer(GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT);
        for(int i = 0; i < _octave_num; i++)
        {
                GLTexImage *otex = GetBaseLevel(i + _octave_min, DATA_ROT) + 2;
                for(int j = 0; j < param._dog_level_num; j++, ftex++,  otex++, idx ++)
                {
                        if(_levelFeatureNum[idx]<=0)continue;
                        sigma = param.GetLevelSigma(j+param._level_min+1);
                        //
                        ftex->AttachToFBO(0);
                        ftex->FitTexViewPort();

                        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
                        ftex->BindTex();
                        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
                        otex->BindTex();

                        ShaderMan::UseShaderSimpleOrientation(otex->GetTexID(), sigma, sigma_step);
                        ftex->DrawQuad();
                }
        }
        GLTexImage::UnbindMultiTex(2);
}

void PyramidPacked::InitPyramid(int w, int h, int ds)
{
        int wp, hp, toobig = 0;
        if(ds == 0)
        {
                _down_sample_factor = 0;
                if(GlobalUtil::_octave_min_default>=0)
                {
                        wp = w >> GlobalUtil::_octave_min_default;
                        hp = h >> GlobalUtil::_octave_min_default;
                }else 
                {
                        wp = w << (-GlobalUtil::_octave_min_default);
                        hp = h << (-GlobalUtil::_octave_min_default);
                }
                _octave_min = _octave_min_default;
        }else
        {
                //must use 0 as _octave_min; 
                _octave_min = 0;
                _down_sample_factor = ds;
                w >>= ds;
                h >>= ds;
                wp = w;
                hp = h; 
        }

        while(wp > GlobalUtil::_texMaxDim  || hp > GlobalUtil::_texMaxDim )
        {
                _octave_min ++;
                wp >>= 1;
                hp >>= 1;
                toobig = 1;
        }

        while(GlobalUtil::_MemCapGPU > 0 && GlobalUtil::_FitMemoryCap && (wp >_pyramid_width || hp > _pyramid_height) &&
                max(max(wp, hp), max(_pyramid_width, _pyramid_height)) >  1024 * sqrt(GlobalUtil::_MemCapGPU / 96.0) )
        {
                _octave_min ++;
                wp >>= 1;
                hp >>= 1;
                toobig = 2;
        }

        if(toobig && GlobalUtil::_verbose)
        {
                std::cout<<(toobig == 2 ? "[**SKIP OCTAVES**]:\tExceeding Memory Cap (-nomc)\n" :
                                        "[**SKIP OCTAVES**]:\tReaching the dimension limit (-maxd)!\n");
        }

        if( wp == _pyramid_width && hp == _pyramid_height && _allocated )
        {
                FitPyramid(wp, hp);
        }else if(GlobalUtil::_ForceTightPyramid || _allocated ==0)
        {
                ResizePyramid(wp, hp);
        }
        else if( wp > _pyramid_width || hp > _pyramid_height )
        {
                ResizePyramid(max(wp, _pyramid_width), max(hp, _pyramid_height));
                if(wp < _pyramid_width || hp < _pyramid_height)  FitPyramid(wp, hp);
        }
        else
        {
                //try use the pyramid allocated for large image on small input images
                FitPyramid(wp, hp);
        }

        //select the initial smoothing filter according to the new _octave_min
        ShaderMan::SelectInitialSmoothingFilter(_octave_min + _down_sample_factor, param);
}



void PyramidPacked::FitPyramid(int w, int h)
{
        //(w, h) <= (_pyramid_width, _pyramid_height);

        _pyramid_octave_first = 0;
        //
        _octave_num  = GlobalUtil::_octave_num_default;

        int _octave_num_max = GetRequiredOctaveNum(min(w, h));

        if(_octave_num < 1 || _octave_num > _octave_num_max) 
        {
                _octave_num = _octave_num_max;
        }


        int pw = _pyramid_width>>1, ph = _pyramid_height>>1;
        while(_pyramid_octave_first + _octave_num < _pyramid_octave_num &&  
                pw >= w && ph >= h)
        {
                _pyramid_octave_first++;
                pw >>= 1;
                ph >>= 1;
        }

        for(int i = 0; i < _octave_num; i++)
        {
                GLTexImage * tex = GetBaseLevel(i + _octave_min);
                GLTexImage * dog = GetBaseLevel(i + _octave_min, DATA_DOG);
                GLTexImage * grd = GetBaseLevel(i + _octave_min, DATA_GRAD);
                GLTexImage * rot = GetBaseLevel(i + _octave_min, DATA_ROT);
                GLTexImage * key = GetBaseLevel(i + _octave_min, DATA_KEYPOINT);
                for(int j = param._level_min; j <= param._level_max; j++, tex++, dog++, grd++, rot++, key++)
                {
                        tex->SetImageSize(w, h);
                        if(j == param._level_min) continue;
                        dog->SetImageSize(w, h);
                        grd->SetImageSize(w, h);
                        rot->SetImageSize(w, h);
                        if(j == param._level_min + 1 || j == param._level_max) continue;
                        key->SetImageSize(w, h);
                }
                w>>=1;
                h>>=1;
        }
}


void PyramidPacked::ResizePyramid( int w,  int h)
{
        //
        unsigned int totalkb = 0;
        int _octave_num_new, input_sz, i, j;
        //

        if(_pyramid_width == w && _pyramid_height == h && _allocated) return;

        if(w > GlobalUtil::_texMaxDim || h > GlobalUtil::_texMaxDim) return ;

        if(GlobalUtil::_verbose && GlobalUtil::_timingS) std::cout<<"[Allocate Pyramid]:\t" <<w<<"x"<<h<<endl;
        //first octave does not change
        _pyramid_octave_first = 0;

        
        //compute # of octaves

        input_sz = min(w,h) ;
        _pyramid_width =  w;
        _pyramid_height =  h;

        //reset to preset parameters
        _octave_num_new  = GlobalUtil::_octave_num_default;

        if(_octave_num_new < 1) _octave_num_new = GetRequiredOctaveNum(input_sz) ;


        if(_pyramid_octave_num != _octave_num_new)
        {
                //destroy the original pyramid if the # of octave changes
                if(_octave_num >0) 
                {
                        DestroyPerLevelData();
                        DestroyPyramidData();
                }
                _pyramid_octave_num = _octave_num_new;
        }

        _octave_num = _pyramid_octave_num;

        int noct = _octave_num;
        int nlev = param._level_num;

        //      //initialize the pyramid
        if(_allPyramid==NULL)   _allPyramid = new GLTexPacked[ noct* nlev * DATA_NUM];


        GLTexPacked * gus = (GLTexPacked *) GetBaseLevel(_octave_min, DATA_GAUSSIAN);
        GLTexPacked * dog = (GLTexPacked *) GetBaseLevel(_octave_min, DATA_DOG);
        GLTexPacked * grd = (GLTexPacked *) GetBaseLevel(_octave_min, DATA_GRAD);
        GLTexPacked * rot = (GLTexPacked *) GetBaseLevel(_octave_min, DATA_ROT);
        GLTexPacked * key = (GLTexPacked *) GetBaseLevel(_octave_min, DATA_KEYPOINT);



        for(i = 0; i< noct; i++)
        {
                for( j = 0; j< nlev; j++, gus++, dog++, grd++, rot++, key++)
                {
                        gus->InitTexture(w, h);
                        if(j==0)continue;
                        dog->InitTexture(w, h);
                        grd->InitTexture(w, h, 0);
                        rot->InitTexture(w, h);
                        if(j<=1 || j >=nlev -1) continue;
                        key->InitTexture(w, h, 0);
                }
                int tsz = (gus -1)->GetTexPixelCount() * 16;
                totalkb += ((nlev *5 -6)* tsz / 1024);
                //several auxilary textures are not actually required
                w>>=1;
                h>>=1;
        }

        totalkb += ResizeFeatureStorage();

        _allocated = 1;

        if(GlobalUtil::_verbose && GlobalUtil::_timingS) std::cout<<"[Allocate Pyramid]:\t" <<(totalkb/1024)<<"MB\n";

}

void PyramidPacked::DestroyPyramidData()
{
        if(_allPyramid)
        {
                delete [] _allPyramid;
                _allPyramid = NULL;
        }
}


GLTexImage*  PyramidPacked::GetLevelTexture(int octave, int level, int dataName)
{
        return _allPyramid+ (_pyramid_octave_first + octave - _octave_min) * param._level_num 
                + param._level_num * _pyramid_octave_num * dataName
                + (level - param._level_min);

}

GLTexImage*  PyramidPacked::GetLevelTexture(int octave, int level)
{
        return _allPyramid+ (_pyramid_octave_first + octave - _octave_min) * param._level_num 
                + (level - param._level_min);
}

//in the packed implementation( still in progress)
// DATA_GAUSSIAN, DATA_DOG, DATA_GAD will be stored in different textures.

GLTexImage*  PyramidPacked::GetBaseLevel(int octave, int dataName)
{
        if(octave <_octave_min || octave > _octave_min + _octave_num) return NULL;
        int offset = (_pyramid_octave_first + octave - _octave_min) * param._level_num;
        int num = param._level_num * _pyramid_octave_num;
        return _allPyramid + num *dataName + offset;
}


void PyramidPacked::FitHistogramPyramid()
{
        GLTexImage * tex, *htex;
        int hist_level_num = _hpLevelNum - _pyramid_octave_first; 

        tex = GetBaseLevel(_octave_min , DATA_KEYPOINT) + 2;
        htex = _histoPyramidTex + hist_level_num - 1;
        int w = (tex->GetImgWidth() + 2) >> 2;
        int h = (tex->GetImgHeight() + 2)>> 2;


        //4n+1 -> n; 4n+2,2, 3 -> n+1
        for(int k = 0; k <hist_level_num -1; k++, htex--)
        {
                if(htex->GetImgHeight()!= h || htex->GetImgWidth() != w)
                {       
                        htex->SetImageSize(w, h);
                        htex->ZeroHistoMargin();
                }

                w = (w + 1)>>1; h = (h + 1) >> 1;
        }
}